Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais
1120 NOTES TO CHAPTER 17
23· PGSR I4:43a-44a.
- Ibid. I4:20a-b. Ch'ing-lien Huang described a 30 percent increase over the num-
ber of ranking officials in 657 to 17,686 ranking officials in 733 to 18,085 in 737. The
number of lesser central and local government officials also rose from 183,36 I in 589-600
to 349,863 in 737. Still the increase in offices was not sufficient to meet the growth of
candidates seeking posts, for in 737 there were 160,000 eligible candidates for the rank-
ing posts, nine times more than the 17-18,000 posts. "Recruitment and Assessment of
Civil Officials," pp. 95-98, 211-14. For further discussion of P'ei Kuang-ting's reform,
see ibid., pp. 2 I 9-20. Twitchett noted that the reforms also allowed more opportunity
for clerks to be promoted to regular positions, threatening the advantages that examina-
tion passers had gained under Empress Wu's regime, and that the seniority system was
relaxed in 733. "Hslian-tsung," pp. 393, 396-97. Huang also mentioned the shift of respon-
sibility for conducting the literary and civil-service examinations from the Ministry of
Personnel to the Ministry of Rites in 736, in "Recruitment and Assessment of Civil Offi-
cials," pp. 22 I -22.
- PGSR 14:20b-21a. For Hu Ch'ih-t'ang's criticism ofTs'ai Liang and P'ei Kuang-
ting, sec I4:32b-33b. According to Ch'ing-lien Huang, the establishment of a list of
officials by rank was established by P'ei Kuang-ting's father, P'ei Hsing-chien in 669.
P'ei Kuang-ting reintroduced the same measure and based promotion on seniority in
- Huang also traced the origin of appointment by seniority to Fu Ch'ang (d. 330) of
the Chin dynasty; "Recruitment and Assessment of Civil Officials," pp. 155-58, 220
n.248.
- PGSR 14:22a-23b; Tsukiyama Sabur6, Todai seiji seido no kenkyii, pp. 201-202.
See ibid., p. 222 for the date of Shen's memorial in the Tzu-chih t'ung-chien 226, the
14th year of Tai-li in Tai-tsung's reign. For background of the late eighth century, see
Ch'ing-lien Huang, "Recruitment and Assessment of Civil Officials," pp. 228-43.
- PGSR I4:29a-30a; Tung-tien ch. 18, 1:103-04.
- PGSR 14:24b-25a.
- Ibid. 14:5a-8b.
- Ibid. 14: 15b-I 6a; Huang, "Recruitment and Assessment of Civil Officials," p. 283
n.605, item 2.
- PGSR I4:I6a-b.
- Ibid. I4:33b-35b. Huang discussed two ofLu Chih's memorials between 792 and
- He also criticized short terms of office and frequent transfer of officials. Emperor
Te-tsung, however, did not adopt his ideas. "Recruitment and Assessment of Civil Offi-
cials," pp. 183-87: Denis Twitchett, "Lu Chih (754-805): Imperial Adviser and Court
Official," in Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twitchett, eds., Confucian Personalities (Stan-
ford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962), p. 105.
- PGSR I4:I2b-I3a. For Tu Yu's commitment to classical models, see E. G. Pul-
leyblank, "Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Legalism in T'ang Intellectual Life, 755-805,"
in Arthur F. Wright, cd., The Confucian Persuasion (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univer-
sity Press, 1960), p. 100.
- PGSR I4:I3a-b. Similar remarks about the Wei and Chin dynasties and the lat-
