MILITARY REORGANIZATION 513
The provincial command garrisons, the chin 'gwan, would be headed by gar-
rison commanders called Ch6lchesa (equivalent to the Ying-chiang in Ch'i Chi-
kuang's system). This commander would also have concurrent civil jurisdiction
over the district or county seat where his garrison was located (under the title
of Chinsa), and the magistrates of other towns subordinated to his command
would be given lower ranking military titles. The Ch6lchesa could command
any number of subordinate district units, depending on how the final details of
organization were worked out. These subordinate units would be commanded
by the district magistrate, who would supervise the battalion commanders. The
rest of the organization down to the squad would, of course, be based on the
sog 0 system of organization.
The advantages of this organization were its regularity and simplicity. Yu con-
ceded that the actual number of troops in any district might not allow for per-
fect adherence to the quotas of his various troops units, but this could bc solved
by a little flexibility in assigning extra personnel to units of neighboring vil-
lages. It would still be less of a problem than
at the present time when the names of I various types of soldiers I is so numerous
and the soldiers of each of the administrative districts are all divided up among
so many different categories. and each category has a different commander ....
The soldiers might be in one district and the officers in another. and many of the
officers and men do not know each other's faces. The one in charge of the sol-
diers is the magistrate but the one who commands them [in the field] is the offi-
cer; the one who instructs them and reviews them in peacetime is the magistrate.
but the one who leads them into difficulty ancl commands them in combat is the
officer. When someone carns merit or commits a crime, should we hold the mag-
istrate or the officer responsible') There could not be any greater confusion in the
military system than this,3°Yu's critique here is again based on his well-field bias rather than any sound
principle of military organization. Modern armies are based on the principle of
professionalism, and it is presumed that the command structure consists of a
professional officer corps rather than civilian magistrates. Yu sought to clarify
command and responsibility, but he wanted neither a thoroughly professional
army led by army officers alone nor a permanent army of trained soldiers. He
preferred his duty soldiers to serve only for a couple of months at a time with
idle intervals of over a year, and he provided for the inclusion of the provincial
governor and district magistrate at certain levels of the military system in accor-
dance with his well-field militia principles.Sogo Organization: Centralized CommandYu Hy6ngw6n claimed that he admired Ch'j Chi-kuang's system of organization