pronouns, 102 – 3
protection, images of, 212 – 15
proto-cuneiform texts, 111 , 113 , 115 , 291 , 292 ,
293
Proto-Elamite Culture, 563 , 564
Proto-Elamite period, 294 , 327 ; expansion,
564 – 6 ; seals in, 324 – 9
Proto-Euphratean substrate language, 111
Protoliterate period (c. 3400 – 2900 BC), 157 , 159 ,
161 ; Sacred Marriage, 227 , 236
Proto-Tigridian substrate language, 111
providing, images of, 206 – 8 , 209 , 210 – 12
Pu Abi (Queen), 331 – 2 , 381 , 382
purification priests, 263
Qa’a, King, 623
Qalat Salih-al-Azair, 17
Qalinj Agha, 346
Qara Qusaq, 482
queens, 202 ; see alsokings and queens; royalty,
images of
Quetta Valley, Baluchistan, 603
radiocarbon, 114 , 116 , 581 , 583
Rahmstorf, L., 507
R’as al-Hamra (RH 5 ), 606
Rechtsurkunde, 277
reciprocity, 411 – 14
Red-Black Burnished Ware (RBBW), 480 , 483
redistribution, textile industries, 411 – 14
Redman, C., 89 n
Red Temple, Ebla, 540 , 541 , 542 , 543 , 550
reeds, 48 , 70
reflexive pronouns, 102
Reichskalender, 314 , 315 , 317 n
research, history of, 136
residential districts, 165 – 8 , 167 , 172 , 174 n, 175 n;
Khafajah city, Diyala region, 165 , 185 – 6 , 187
Rim-Sin (king), 46
riparian regime, 29 n
rituals: cult ritual, performative actors, 262 – 4 ; for
the dead, 429 – 30
rivers, 36 – 8 ; Karun River, 448 ; levees seelevees
(see above dams); Nile River, 38 , 623 ; Orontes
River, 478 ; river systems, nature, 36 – 8 ; as
transportation networks, 48 – 9 ; see also
Euphrates River; Tigris River
Robson, E., 309 , 310 , 316 n
Rock Crystal, 322
rolling and stretching of fiber, 404
Rowton, M., 69
Royal Cemetery of Ur, 119 , 211 , 213 , 551 ; burials,
419 , 421 , 422 , 425 , 426 , 427 ; and fashion, 378 ,
381 , 399 ; seals, 321 , 331 , 332 , 366
Royal Correspondence of Ur, 113
royal inscriptions, 113
Royal Tombs, 419 , 421 , 425 , 427 , 428 , 431 n
royalty, images of, 201 – 26 ; in Early Dynastic
period, 203 , 205 , 207 , 210 – 11 , 220 , 221 ;
god-likeness of royals, 219 – 20 ; images of
patronage, 215 – 16 , 217 , 218 ; images of
protecting, 212 – 15 ; images of providing,
206 – 8 , 209 , 210 – 12 ; justice, provision of,
210 – 11 ; media and message, 204 – 6 ;
representation and reality, 202 – 4 ; seals, 207 ,
209 , 216 , 217 ; Ur III period, 203 , 205 , 211 ,
221 ; see alsokings and queens
Rubio, G., 112
Rule of Law, 277 – 9
Rupley, E., 69Sacred Marriage, 222 n, 227 – 42 , 257 ; defining,
227 – 8 ; images and artifacts, 229 – 39 ;
investigations, 229 ; palm vase libation, 230 , 231 ,
232 – 3 ; Stele of the Vultures, 234 , 235 , 241 , 383 ;
textual evidence, new, 239 – 40 ; traditional
canon, 228 – 9 ; Uruk Vase, 235 – 6 , 237 , 238 , 239 ;
water and function of the rite, 240 – 1
Sagheri Sughir, 159 , 161
Sahlins, M., 562
salinity, 40 , 47
Sallaberger, W., 267 , 270 n, 317 n
Saqqara, niched mastaba at, 631
Sargon (ruler of Akkad), 121 , 123 , 143 , 242 n, 455 ,
456 , 472 , 544 , 553 , 592 , 593 , 601 ; see also
Enheduana (daughter of Sargon of Akkad)
Sargonic period seeAkkadian period (c. 2330 – 2200
BC)
Sasson, J., 317 n
satellite imagery, 135 , 157 , 175 n
schematic style seals, 361
scholar scribe, rise of, 297 – 9
Schoyen Collection, Archaic Texts, 81
Schrakamp, I., 431 n
scribes, 68 , 113 , 290 – 304 ; branching tradition,
299 – 300 ; canonization, first period (Urik III),
295 ; Early Dynastic and old Akkadian periods,
293 , 297 – 303 ; education of, 301 , 310 – 11 ; Late
Uruk period, 290 – 7 ; Old Babylonian period,
302 – 3 , 435 ; persons using writing, 293 – 4 ;
scholar, rise of, 297 – 9 ; scribal training in third
millennium BC, 310 – 11 ; signs, first list, 295 – 7 ;–– Index ––