Notes to Pages 278–284 • 341New general works on the history of epidemic disease continue to roll off the presses,
along with studies on individual infective diseases. The New England Journal of Med-
icineis an invaluable source of new findings.
32. Institut Pasteur,Activity Report of the Research Departments(Paris, 1996 ); Annie
Guiyoule, Francine Grimont, Isabelle Iteman, et al., “Plague Pandemics Investigated by
Ribotyping of Yersinia pestisStrains,”Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32 ( 1994 ): 634 – 41 ;
Annie Guiyoule, B. Rasoamanana, C. Buchrieser, et al., “Recent Emergence of New
Variants of Yersinia pestisin Madagascar,”Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35 ( 1997 ): 2826.
33. Guiyoule et al., “Yersinia pestisin Madagascar,” 2826 ; Guiyoule et al., “Plague Pan-
demics,” 634.
34. Frédérique Audoin-Rouzeau, “La peste et les rats: La réponse de l’archéozoolo-
gie,” in Maladies et société (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles): Actes du colloque de Bielefeld, Novembre
1986 ,ed. Neithard Bulst and Robert Delort (Paris, 1989 ), 65 – 71 ; Graham I. Twigg,The
Black Death: A Biological Appraisal(London, 1984 ); Mark Derr, “New Theories Link
Black Death to Ebola-like Virus,”New York Times,Oct. 2 , 2001.
35. “An Empire’s Epidemic,”Los Angeles Times,May 6 , 2002.
36. Ibid.
37. See the summary in Graham I. Twigg, “The Black Death in England: An Epide-
miological Dilemma,” in Bulst and Delort,Maladies et société, 84 – 86.
38. See Slack,The Impact of Plague, 7 – 15 ; Biraben,Les hommes et la peste,vol. 1 ,ch. 1 ,
emphasizing the role of the human flea; Jean-Claude Beaucournu, “Diversité des puces
vectrices en fonction des foyers pesteux,”Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 92
( 1999 ): 419 – 21 ; Beaucournu, “Actualité de la conquête de L’Afrique intertropicale par
pulex irritansLinné, 1758 ,”Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 86 ( 1993 ): 290 – 94 ;
Beaucournu, “A propos du vecteur de la peste en Europe occidentale au cours de la
deuxième pandémie,”Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie 13 ( 1995 ): 233 – 52 .An
excellent medical description is in B. Joseph Hinnebusch, “Bubonic Plague: A Molecu-
lar Genetic Case History of the Emergence of an Infectious Disease,”Journal of Molec-
ular Medicine 75 ( 1997 ): 646 – 48.
39. Champion,London’s Dreaded Visitation, 2 – 3 , 6 – 10 ; Graham Twigg, “Plague in
London: Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Mortality,” in Justin Champion, ed.,Epi-
demics in London(London, 1993 ), 1 – 19.
40. Abraham Braude, Charles Davis, and Joshua Fierer, eds.,Infectious Diseases and
Medical Microbiology(Philadelphia, 1986 ), 338.
41. Thomas Brock,Biology of Microorganisms(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1984 ), 607.
42. Hinnebusch, “Bubonic Plague,” 648.
43. Marc Galimand, M. Guiyoule, G. Cernaud, et al., “Multidrug Resistance in Yer-
sinia pestisMediated by a Transferable Plastid,”New England Journal of Medicine 337
( 1997 ): 677.
44. On the disappearance of plague from Europe, see Slack,The Impact of Plague,
313 – 26 ;the classic early exploration of this fascinating subject by Andrew Appleby,
“The Disappearance of Plague: A Continuing Puzzle,”Economic History Review, 2 nd
series, 33 ( 1980 ); Hirst,The Conquest of Plague;and R. Politzer,Plague(Geneva, 1954 ).