Index 833
404, 418, 451, 479; acceptance by of popu-
list demands, 457; adoption of the republi-
can calendar by, 469; divisions within, 452–
53n8; economic policies of, 455; enactment
of the General Maximum by, 457; role of
the Brissot- Dumouriez group in, 452, 453;
and the Terror, 457, 461. See also Propa-
ganda Decrees
French Republic/Revolutionary Government,
7, 377, 407, 433, 531; army of, 417; attacks
of on American shipping, 766; and the
care of the needy, 454; conflicts of with the
new government of the United States, 751,
755; crisis in due to Austro- Russian victo-
ries in Italy, 782; declaration of war against
Great Britain, 759; economic policies of,
459; elections in (1797), 522–23; First Re-
public, 508; freedom of travel and the press
in, 536; and the gouvernement révolution-
naire, 450–58, 510; and the incorporation
of Belgium, 537; issuance of paper money
(assignats) by, 432; and the Law of 22 Prai-
rial, 470; “looting” of Italy by, 594, 594n6;
military- democrat coalition of, 786–87;
political and military actions of in Italy,
575–78, 574n18, 575–76n22, 765; pur-
pose/morals of, 466–71; role of the clergy
in, 633; Second Republic of, 508; survival
of, 756, 775; and the universal military ser-
vice (levée en masse) requirement, 457; war
of with the Coalition, 617. See also Com-
mittee of Public Safety (France); French
Directory
French Revolution, 10, 128, 140–42, 161, 179,
246, 261, 324, 325, 461, 468, 67, 746;
agrarian insurrection during, 358; anarchy
resulting from, 368, 384, 423, 437, 440;
“disassociation” of the French and Russian
Revolutions from, 10–11; discrediting of by
counter- revolutionaries, 12; Dutch in-
volvement in, 388; effects of in Poland,
281; and the fall of the Bastille, 385; fear of
in the Hapsburg Empire, 298; and the
“feudal reaction,” 357; first appearance of
the red flag during, 403; foreign opposition
to or support for, 500; and the formation of
a revolutionary psychology, 350; and the
Great Fear panic, 267; Gustavus III’s plan
to end the revolution by invasion, 301; and
the idea of guerre universelle, 384; and the
ideological war concerning, 383–87; influ-
ence of, 7; influence of on the Moslem
world, 620; “irreligion” of, 360; justification
for the “second revolution,” 377; lack of
class animosity during, 340; left- wing na-
ture of, 532, 544, 546–47n4; and Louis
XVI’s response to the parlements and pro-
vincial estates, 334; and the militancy of
the sectionnaires, 400, 409, 410, 455; as a
new era for the common man, 409; num-
ber of émigrés who fled France during,
141, 151; opinions of in the United States,
395, 745; opposition to, 332; origins of, 10;
as over before it began, 19; and popular
revolutionism, 407–12; population of
France during, 141; principles of as “meta-
physical” principles, 556; the problem of
the French Revolution, 328–33; psycholog-
ical explanations for, 331; radicalism at the
beginning of, 332, 403; relation of to the
Russian Revolution, 11, 12; as a revolt of
the Third Estate against the nobility, 212;
“revolutionizing” of, 400–401; role of
“ideas” in, 330; and sans- culottes politics,
399, 409. 410, 680; the “second revolution,”
401–7 passim; sovereignty of the people as
the essence of, 409; spectrum of opinion/
doctrine concerning, 396–99; and student
radicalism, 392; survival of, 447–72; sym-
pathy of England for, 323; sympathy of the
professional classes for, 378; and Thermi-
dor, 471–72; views of among the clergy in
the United States, 639; views of in the
Hapsburg Empire, 385. See also Committee
of Public Safety (France); French Direc-
tory; French Republic/Revolutionary Gov-
ernment; Terror, the
Freussisches Allgemeine Landrecht, 215
Friends of Liberty and Equality, 398
Friends of the People, 714, 719Gage, Thomas, 121, 131
Gales, Joseph, 717, 724, 725, 769; emigration
of to America, 719
Galicia/Galicians, 286, 197, 198, 509, 572
Gallatin, Albert, 24, 30, 89
Gallicanism, 393
Gallo- American Society, 197, 272
Galloway, Joseph, 13, 154; loyalist beliefs of,
154–55