Gödel, Escher, Bach An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R. Hofstadter

The self-reference of this sentence is achieved in a more direct way than in the Epimenides paradox; less hidden processing is n ...

TEMPLATE-is never interpreted as a sequence of instructions. That it happens to be one is, in a sense,just an accident. As was p ...

To be sure, explicitness is a matter of degree; nonetheless there is an intuitive borderline on one side of which we perceive tr ...

the BlooP-like language above, using the given self-rep as a model.) Would this funny program count as a self-rep? Yes, in a way ...

A Program That Prints Out Its Own Godel Number The idea of printing out a translation instead of an exact copy of the original p ...

left, of course, for the reader to notice. Yet even if the reader does not notice it, the mapping is still there, and the Dialog ...

side of the coin: "What is the original?" This can best be explained by referring to some examples: (1) a program which, when in ...

Molecular Biology, enunciated by Francis Crick (one of the co-discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA): DNA :::;, RNA : ...

A, those which prefer C, etc. Given the sequence of operations which an enzyme performs, you can figure out which letter it pref ...

You can perhaps remember this molecular pairing scheme by recalling that Achilles is paired with the Tortoise, and the Crab with ...

given, but there is no complementary base where the enzyme is bound at that instant, then the enzyme just detaches itself from t ...

and see how the enzyme acts on the strand. It so happens that the enzyme binds to G only. Let us bind to the middle G and begin. ...

new strands which will dictate further enzymes, etc. etc.! This is mixing levels with a vengeance! Think, for the sake of compar ...

primary structure is meant its amino acid sequence. By its tertiary structure is meant the way it likes to "fold up". The point ...

So in our case, we have an enzyme which likes the letter C. If, in folding up, an enzyme happens to cross itself. that's okay-ju ...

cycle goes on and on. This can go on for any number of stages; the hope is that eventually, among the strands which are present ...

Strange Loops, TNT, and Real Genetics However, we have seen that in TNT, levels are mixed, in another sense. In fact, the distin ...

ADENINE H- THYMINE H- H H CYTOSINE I H H FIGURE 91. The four constituent bases of DNA: Adenine, Guanine. Thymine, Cytosine. [Fro ...

which are responsible for the peculiar kind of pairing which takes place between strands. Each base in one strand faces a comple ...

Messenger RNA and Ribosomes As was mentioned above, in many celis, DNA, the ruler of the cell, dwells in its private "throne roo ...