228 Friendship and Conflict
Peng, W., & Hsieh, G. (2012). The influence of competition, cooperation, and player relationship in
a motor performance centered computer game. Computers in Human Behavior, 28 , 2100– 2106.
doi:10.1016/ j.chb.2012.06.014
Phillips, J., & Potter, R. B. (2009). Questions of friendship and degrees of transnationality among
second- generation return migrants to Barbados. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 ,
669– 688. doi:10.1080/ 13691830902765327
Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1990). Construction of a hypercom-
petitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55 , 630– 639.
Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1996). Construction of a personal
development competitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66 , 374– 385.
Ryckman, R. M., Libby, C. R ., van den Borne, B., Gold, J. A., & Lindner, M. A. (1997). Values of
hypercompetitive and personal development competitive individuals. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 69 , 271– 283.
Ryckman, R. M., Thorton, B., & Butler, J. C. (1994). Personality correlates of the Hypercompetitive
Attitude Scale: Validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis. Journal of Personality Assessment,
62 , 84– 94.
Ryckman, R. M., Thorton, B., Gold, J. A., & Burckle, M. A. (2002). Romantic relationships of hyper-
competitive individuals. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21 , 517– 530.
Sampson, E. E. (1977). Psychology and the American ideal. Journal of Personality and Social
Psycholog y, 35 , 767– 782. doi:10.1037/ 0022- 3514.35.11.767
Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and
their role in personal and societal functioning. American Psychologist, 43 , 15– 22. doi:10.1037/
0003- 066X.43.1.15
Sapadin, L. A. (1988). Friendship and gender: Perspectives of professional men and women. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 5 , 387– 403. doi:10.1177/ 0265407588054001
Schapiro, M., Schneider, B. H., Shore, B. M., Margison, J. A., & Udvari, S. J. (2009). Competitive
goal orientations, quality, and stability in gifted and other adolescents’ friendships: A test
of Sullivan’s theory about the harm caused by rivalry. Gifted Child Quarterly, 53 , 71– 88.
doi:10.1177/ 0016986208330566
Schneider, B. H., del Pilar Soteras del Toro, M., Woodburn, S., Fulop, M., Cervino, C., Bernstein,
S., & Sandor, M. (2006). Cross- cultural differences in competition among children and
adolescents. In X. Chen, D. C. French, & B. H. Schneider (Eds.), Peer relationships in cul-
tural context (pp. 310– 338). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/
CBO9780511499739.014
Schneider, B. H., Dixon, K., & Udvari, S. (2007). Closeness and competition in the inter- ethnic
and co- ethnic friendships of early adolescents in Toronto and Montreal. Journal of Early
Adolescence, 27 , 115– 138. doi:10.1177/ 0272431606294822
Schneider, B., Woodburn, S., del Pilar Soteras del Toro, M., & Udvari, S. (2005). Cultural and gender
differences in the implications of competition for early adolescent friendship. Merrill- Palmer
Quarterly, 51 , 163– 191.
Shulman, S., & Laursen, B. (2002). Adolescent perceptions of conflict in interdependent and disen-
gaged friendships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12 , 353– 372.
Singleton, R. J., & Vacca, J. (2007). Interpersonal competition in friendships. Sex Roles, 57 , 617– 627.
Sullivan, H.S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York, NY: Norton.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York,
NY: Ballantine Books.
Tassi, F., & Schneider, B. H. (1997). Task- oriented versus other- referenced competition: Differential
implications for children’s peer relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27 , 1557– 1580.
doi:10.1111/ j.1559- 1816.1997.tb01613.x
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self- evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz
(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 21. Social psychological studies of the
self: Perspectives and programs (pp. 181– 227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.