228 Notes to Chapter 1
For more on “trading zones,” see Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Cul-
ture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 44–47, 781–784,
806–807, 816–817.
Bill Aspray, “The Scientific Conceptualization of Information,” Annals of the His-
tory of Computing 7 (2) (1985): 117–140.
Claude E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” Bell Systems
Technical Journal 27 (1948): 379–423, 623–656.
Mirowski, Machine Dreams.
Paul Erickson, Judy L. Klein, Lorraine Dastone, Rebecca Lemov, Thomas Sturm,
and Michael D. Gordin, How Reason Almost Lost Its Mind: The Strange Career of Cold
War Rationality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
Claude E. Shannon, “The Bandwagon,” IRE Transactions on Information Theory 2
(1) (1956): 3. See also Pierce, “The Early Days of Information Theory”; Norbert
Wiener, “What Is Information Theory?,” IRE Transactions on Information Theory 48
(1956): 48; Ronald R. Kline, “What Is Information Theory a Theory Of? Boundary
Work among Scientists in the United States and Britain during the Cold War,” in
The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technical Information Systems: Proceedings of
the 2002 Conference, Chemical Heritage Foundation, ed. W. Boyd Rayward and Mary
Ellen Bowden, 15–28 (Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2004).
Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and Julian Bigelow, “Behavior, Purpose,
and Teleology,” Philosophy of Science 10 (1943): 18–24.
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Deci-
sions under Risk,” Econometrica 47 (2) (1979): 263–291. See also Daniel Kahneman
and Amos Tversky, eds., Choices, Values and Frames (New York: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press and Russell Sage Foundation, 2000).
David Stark, The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life (Prince-
ton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 1–34.
The intellectual history of thought on hierarchy and its critics would fill many
shelves. That history might combine thinking on technical subordination in math-
ematics (cardinal numbers, graphs, networks, sets, type theory, programming) and
other classificatory systems; individual autonomy (Plato, Locke and Kant, Isaiah
Berlin and Charles Taylor) and sociobiological evolution; legal, ethical, and religious
thought; and pragmatism and feminism. For a helpful update on modern network
discourse, see Daniel Kreiss, Megan Finn, and Fred Turner, “The Limits of Peer Pro-
duction: Some Reminders from Max Weber for the Network Society,” New Media and
Society 13 (2) (2011): 243–259.
Warren S. McCulloch, “A Heterarchy of Values Determined by the Topology of
Nervous Nets,” Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 7 (1945): 89–93.