ITS standardization bodies and standards Chapter | 14 159technical expert groups (e.g., the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neers, IEEE) it adopts and customizes world-level standards to the needs of
Europe. For example. the ETSI EN 302 665 document on the Communications
Architecture of ITS (ETSI, 2010), employs existing ISO standards on Open
Systems Interconnection (ISO/IEC 7498-1), on CALM Architecture (ISO/
IEC 21217) and the IEEE Standard 802-2001 on Local and Metropolitan Area
Networks’ Architecture. It consequently defines a global communication archi-
tecture of communications for ITS (ITSC) with a focus on the road transport
context. CEN/TC 278 (https://www.itsstandards.eu/tc278) is CEN’s branch that
works on transportation systems and comprises several Working Groups (WG),
that specialize in different areas of ITS, ranging from electronic fee collections
to mobility integration and urban ITS (https://www.itsstandards.eu/wgs).
The Transport Protocol Experts Group (TPEG) (https://tech.ebu.ch/tpeg) is a
European group of experts that works since 1997 on protocols and applications
for supporting advanced traffic information services that allow travelers to roam
across different modes of transportation (private and public). The TPEG tech-
nology handles the delivery of various types of messages and information (e.g.,
Road Traffic Messages —RTM and Public Transport Information—PTI) using
either binary or XML message encoding. In 2007, it merged with ERTICO-
ITS Europe (https://ertico.com) and the mobile. Info project and focused on the
development of the Traffic Message Channel (TMC) protocol. ERTICO-ITS
Europe partnership comprises more than one hundred public organizations and
private companies that represent all major telecommunication and transporta-
tion stakeholders, ranging from vehicle manufacturers, traffic, and transport
managers to mobile network providers and operators. Today they work on the
Alert-C standards and on the implementation of RDS-TMC services together
with the Traveller Information Services Association (TISA), which develops
and promotes open standards and policies for Traffic and Traveller Information
(TTI) services and products (https://tisa.org/). A result of these joined efforts is
the Traffic Message Channel (TMC), a transmission technology for messages
that convey traffic information. The messages are digitally coded using the
ALERT C or the TPEG protocol and broadcasted via conventional FM radio
signal as RDS Type 8A messages.
The second generation of the TPEG protocol (TPEG2) provides a data mod-
eling approach for real-time traffic information that can be used by navigation
systems. The approach uses UML to define both the binary and XML encod-
ing, which are both parts of the TPEG2 application specification and have been
accepted by device manufacturers and messaging service providers as the tech-
nology that will replace TMC. TPEG1 and TPEG2 are ISO standards, as ISO/
TS 18234 (ISO, T. 18234-1, ISO, 2013) and ISO/TS 21219 (TPEG2-INV) (ISO,
T. 21219-1, ISO, 2016), respectively. In addition, parts 9 and 10 of TPEG2
define the structure of service and network information (TPEG2-SNI) and the
conditional access information (TPEG2-CAI), respectively. The former defines
information delivery from service providers to end-users in a language-inde-
pendent way, whereas the latter defines the access framework to the content of