Transportation network applications Chapter | 16 179driver’s experience from an information point of view. Information about nearby
facilities (gas stations, parking lots, and other POIs), car condition monitoring
and just-in-time remote diagnostics (based on On-Board Diagnostics and GSM
technology) and notifications (Iqbal et al., 2017), fleet management services,
etc., are among the applications that have been developed grace to the ability to
collect and communicate data to and from the vehicles.
Back in 2009, the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Insti-
tute) TR 102 638 standard (ETSI, 2009) categorized the applications focused
on V2V, V2I, and I2V communications, which could be of benefit to drivers in
three main categories—(1) cooperative road safety, (2) traffic efficiency, and
(3) Others that refer to entertainment, fleet management, etc. The complete
list of applications is provided in Table 16.1. More recently, NGMN (next
generation mobile networks) Alliance identified several use cases of info-
mediation, augmented navigation, and infotainment (NGMN, 2016), in a more
composite automotive ecosystem comprising backend components, commu-
nication infrastructure, vehicle, and road infrastructure. Infotainment, vehicle
management, traffic management, and security are the main areas of services
supported in the backend, vehicle-to-pedestrian and vehicle to network are
the two newly added communication dimensions, and decision control and
vehicle manipulation are the new functions added on top of recognition. The
complete list of functions and examples as given in (NGMN, 2016 ) is given
in Table 16.2.
Similar remote monitoring solutions exist in maritime transportation net-
works and their main aim is to collect vessel status data (e.g., engine’s RPMs,
temperature, oil consumption, etc.) and environment information (e.g., waves,
wind forces, drift forces, and steering forces) and optimize vessel performance
(Tsujimoto & Orihara, 2019) or early detecting and repairing issues in critical
engine components (Zoric et al., 2016; Katsikas et al., 2014).
Traffic efficiency applications
The advent of V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and V2G (vehicle-to-grid) communica-
tion solutions allowed the development of several smart applications that ben-
efited both driver-based and autonomous cars by increasing driving safety and
efficiency against traffic (Mueck & Karls, 2018).
For example applications that inform about unexpected car moves (left turn,
break, etc.), handle speed harmonization depending on road or weather con-
ditions, etc., are among the ones provisioned for 5G V2V communication. In
another example, the ability to share data of LIDAR or video sensor between
vehicles allows to foresee bad road or traffic conditions, forthcoming obstacles,
and gives the ability to change trajectory and car condition information at high
speed and collaborate with nearby vehicles allows applications such as high-
density platooning to seem more possible than ever before. Based on the layers
depicted in Fig. 16.1, the core architecture that is inherent in all transportation
network applications is depicted in Fig. 16.2.