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surprised (and perhaps not quite satisfied) with the decision of their Usage Panel (in itself an interesting phenomenon), but th ...

literate ones and “elaborated” codes, my reading of his work is not an unusual one. 20 In a persuasive essay on the advantages o ...

Fromkin, V., Rodman, R. and Hyams, N.M. (2009) An Introduction to Language. Boston: Cengage Wadsworth. Vanderweide, T., Rees-Mil ...

Language in Motion 2 Eppur’ si Muove.^1 Galileo Galilei Changes in progress There is a common belief that regional differences i ...

Figure 2.1 Language variation over space Source: Adapted from Salvucci (1999) Each case is interesting for different reasons, an ...

morpheme final or internal sca(r)ed, ca(r)s, pa(r)ty, fou(r)th, ca(r)d The loss of (r) can result in homonyms as in the pair pa( ...

From these studies it is quite clear that (r) is highly variable, and that its social significance is strongly dependent on plac ...

socially elevated an individual was (or strove to be), the more postvocalic (r) sounds were retained in their speech. The simple ...

Figure 2.3 (r) after vowels Source: Labov et al. 2006: 48. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, De Gruyter More recently ne ...

leans toward r-fulness is also very sensitive to formality and style issues, so that the more formal the situation, the more lik ...

In the 1970s, Feagin undertook a similar investigation in Anniston, Alabama, and found a similar change in progress. Northerners ...

Figure 2.5 Percent postvocalic r maintenance by age, location, and race Source: Adapted from Naggy and Irwin (2010) This may be ...

the linguist would make observations. For example, the researcher might point to statistics to establish that the substitution o ...

Figure 2.6 International Phonetic Alphabet and the author’s vowel system The linguistics lab at the University of Pennsylvania h ...

Figure 2.8 Northern Cities Chain Shift (abstracted) Source: Adapted from Labov et al. (2006) The first stage of the series of sh ...

over a very large geographic area, and it’s been gaining speed for a long time. In my mid-twenties I moved from Chicago (where I ...

People are often quite aware of variation in word choice. Good-natured arguments about who says tennis shoe and who says sneaker ...

Figure 2.9 Isogloss bundle indicating a boundary between the North and Midlands dialect regions Source: Adapted from Allen (1982 ...

There are also lexical items which function as discourse markers, however, and which are so complex in structural, social and st ...

Figure 2.10 The use of quotative discourse markers over time in California Source: Rickford (2007) Sociolinguists like to study ...