Slave Soldiers and Islam_ The Genesis of a Military System - Daniel Pipes

48 TheIslamicateContext

6. Ghaznavids
   (366-582/977-1186).

Founded

by

a

military

slavewhobroke

away

fromtheSamanids,theGhaznavidsdrew

onslavesfor

their

armies

primarily

fromCentralAsia,

secondly

fromIndia?

10

7.

Seljuks(429-590/1038-1194).

The

Seljuks

establishedthe

dynasty

thatwas most influential forIslamicate institutions.

They

cameto

power

astheleaders

oftribesof

steppe

warriors

but
soon

madeabundantuseof

military

slaves?

a

By

thetimeof

the

Seljuk demise,

slaves had almost taken control of the

dynasty.12

8. Almoravids(448-541

/

1056-1147).

Thefirst

majordynasty

based in North

Africa,

the Almoravids

began

as a

religious

movementbut

gradually

cameto

relymoderately

onslavesin

theirarmies.1

3

9. Almohads(524-667/1130-1269).
   They

weresimilartothe

Almoravidsinlocale,religious

origins,

andmoderate

useof

mil-

itary

slaves?

4

10.

Ayyubids (564-648/1171-1250

in

Egypt:

until later

elsewhere).Beginning

withfreeKurdishandTurkish

troops,

the

Ayyubids

cametodependlargelyonmilitary

slavesfrom

CentralAsia.

Supplies

fromthere

weregreatly

increased

by

the

turmoil

resulting

from the

Mongol

invasions. The

Ayyubid

dynastycameto anendwhenitsmilitaryslavesusurpedthe

throne.

115

110.Bosworth,Ghaznavids,

pp.

98-106.

111.R.A.Huseynov,"Sel’dzhukskayavoyennayaorganizatsiya,"Palestinskii

Sbornik
17,

no. 80

(1967),pp.

131-47.A.K.S.

Lambton,

"Contributionstothe

Study

of

Selj6q

Institutions,"(Ph.D.diss.,

University

of

London,1939),

pp.

129-67.

112.

K.A.Luther,"Rvand[’s

ReportontheAdministrative

Changes

of

Muh.ammadJanin

Pahlavn,"

Iran

andIslam,

ed.C.E.

Bosworth(Edinburgh,

1971),pp.

373-406.

113.

J.

F. P.

Hopkins,

MedievalMuslimGovernmentin

Barbary

untiltheSixth

Century
of

the

Hijra

(London,1958),

pp.

71-84.

114.Ibid.

115.Ayalon,"Aspects,"part2.

S.

Elbeheiry,

Leslustitutionsde

l’Egypte temps

des
Ayyubides(Lille,1972).

N.Elisseeff,N2rad-D-n:un

grandprince

musulmande

Syrie temps

descroisades

(511-569H/1118-1174)(Damascus,

1967),3:705-50.

H.A.R.Gibb,"TheArmiesofSaladin,"StudiesintheCivilization

of

Islam,ed.

S.

J.

ShawandW.Polk(Boston,1962),pp.

74-90.R.S.

Humphreys,

"The