AnExplanationofMilitarySlavery 59
prove a causal link, "a presumptive agency
which
connects
them"mustbeestablished.
IslamicorIslamicate?
Militaryslaverymay
havebeenconnectedeithertothe
religion
orthecivilizationofIslam.Ifitisconsidereda
part
ofthereli-
gion
orits
legalsystem,
wecallit"Islamic";ifan
aspect
ofthe
morediffuse civilizationwhichaccompanies it,
then "Islami-
cate."Islamic elements
are
myriad
and
indisputable:
the five
"pillars
ofthe
religion";
thelesserritual
prescriptions;
theentire
body
oftheShariCa,
which dealswithalmost
every
aspect
of
humanexistence;andnumerousfeatures
not
requiredbyIslam
butcharacteristicofMuslimlife,suchasturban
wearing,
useof
theArabic
script,
andSufiorders.Alltheseelementscomewith
the
religion
as
part
of
.an
Islamic
package;they
arenonfunc-
tionalandcanonly
be
explained
in
the
light
ofIslamicidealsand
traditions.
Clearly,militaryslavery
isnotIslamic;ithasnoreli-
gious
sanctionanditisnoteven
unambiguouslylegal.
13
Nothing
whatever
argues
forits
beingpart
oftheIslamic
religion
orits
legalsystem?
4
IfnotIslamic,isitIslamicate?Islamicateelementsarenotan
outgrowth
ofIslamic
religion
andlaw,
yet
are
integral
toMuslim
life.Suchanelementneednotbe
by
natureIslamic:
ThespecificallyIslamicqualityof
acultural
elementmight
well...
owe
nothing
to
its
origin,
but
simplyexpress
thefactthat
Islim,by
taking
it
up,put
itsmarkonitortendedto
appropriate
it.
13.See
pp.
94-95.
14.ThisconclusiondoesnotimplythattherearenoIslamicmilitarypatterns,
butonly
that
militaryslavery
isnotoneofthem.
H.J.
Fisherhas
argued
forthe
significanceof
Islamic
prayer
totheconductofMuslimsinbattle
("Prayer
and
MilitaryActivity
inthe
History
ofMuslimAfricaSouthofthe
Sahara,"Journal
of
African
History
12 (1971):391-406).
P.
MoraesFariashasdrawn
a
connection
betweenprayersandclosed-lineformation("The
Almoravids:
SomeQuestions
concerning
theCharacteroftheMovement
during
itsPeriodofClosestContact
withtheWesternSudan,"Bulletinde
l’Institutfondamental
d’Afrique
noire29,ser.B
(1967):794-878,
especially
pp.811-20).SeealsoW.H.McNeill,TheRise
of
the
West
(Chicago,
1963),
p.
428 n.11.