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Nature^79 ICHTHYOSAURS These reptiles spent their lives in the sea, surfacing to breathe. Ichthyosaurs, which means fish lizards ...
80 Nature 4 LAVA FIELD A volcanic eruption dramatically changed this ecosystem in Hawaii. The cooled, hard lava field is a hosti ...
Nature^81 Plant and animal remains are broken down by decomposers DECOMPOSING PEACH 3 A peach rots as it is broken down by fungi ...
82 Nature HABITATS OCEANS The oceans cover about 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface and form the largest of the world’s habitats ...
Nature^83 FORESTS Habitats dominated by trees and shrubs are called forests. They include tropical rainforests, cool- climate co ...
FIND OUT MORE. Coasts 59 • Ice 58 • Mountains 45 84 Nature MOUNTAINS Land that is 600 m (1,970 ft) or more above the sea is a mo ...
FIND OUT MORE. Biology 72 • Cells 73 • Life on Earth 70–71 Nature^85 MICROORGANISMS Any living thing that is invisible to the na ...
FIND OUT MORE. Microorganisms 85 • Reproduction 101 86 Nature Fungi Neither plants nor animals, the fungi kingdom includes toads ...
FIND OUT MORE. Life on Earth 70–71 Algae Algae are plant-like organisms that make food by photosynthesis. All algae contain chlo ...
88 Nature Stem supports the leaves, buds, and other parts above ground Roots take in water and minerals for the growing oak seed ...
FIND OUT MORE. Flowering Plants 92–93 • Non-Flowering Plants 90–91 • Trees 94–95 Nature^89 Stiff prongs stop the damselfly from ...
90 Nature NON FLOWERING PLANTS Mosses, ferns, and their relatives are plants that do not produce flowers but reproduce by means ...
Nature^91 HOW DO CONIFERS PRODUCE SEEDS? Conifers have male and female cones. The male cones release pollen grains (male sex cel ...
92 Nature WHAT IS INSIDE A FLOWER? The male sex organs (anthers and filaments) surround the female sex organs (ovaries). Flower ...
Nature^93 SEEDS If fertilization occurs in a flowering plant, a seed forms inside the flower’s ovary. The seed consists of a tin ...
WHY ARE TREES SO IMPORTANT? Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere for other organisms to breathe in. The roots of trees bind ...
WHY DO THESE TREES SHED THEIR LEAVES? When trees shed their leaves they stop growing. This helps them conserve energy during win ...
96 Nature Animals Animals are grouped into two main types – vertebrates with an inner skeleton, including a backbone, and invert ...
FIND OUT MORE. Biology 72 • Life on Earth 70–71 Nature^97 HOW DO ANIMALS DEFEND THEMSELVES? Animals behave in many different way ...
98 Nature FIND OUT MORE. Digestion 144–145 • Plants 88–89 • Teeth 143 4 TOUCAN Some birds, such as the toucan, specialize in eat ...
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