Cracking the SAT Chemistry Subject Test

Summary In any aqueous solution, the product of the H+ and OH− concentrations will equal 1 × 10−14 at 25 degrees ...

where x is the H+ concentration, and M is the molarity of the solution. Solve for x, and then convert to pH ...

Chapter 12 Redox and Electrochemistry When dealing with molecules, we use oxidation numbers to indicate how many ...

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION When an atom becomes involved in a bond, the atom is either oxidized o ...

Oxidation States and Oxidation Numbers Each atom in a compound can also be assigned what’s called an o ...

Oxidation States Oxygen: −2 Alkali Metals: +1 Alkaline Earth Metals: +2 Halogens: −1 Hydrogen: ±1 Remember those ...

• Oxygen contributes total reduction of (3)(3)(−2) = −18. • Carbon contributes total oxidation ...

REDOX REACTIONS In oxidation reduction or redox reactions, as reactants form products, one or more atoms ...

• Hydrogen’s oxidation state doesn’t change (it’s +1 on both sides). • Oxygen’s oxidation state ...

As you can see, iron is oxidized, and oxygen is reduced. The result is that iron is converted into t ...

reducing agents. You do not need to memorize the activity series, but you should understand the general chemical ...

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ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrochemistry is the study of the relationship between chemical reactions and elec ...

Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−; E^0 ox = 0.76 V Reduction: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s); E^0 red = 0. ...

As we mentioned, the anode and cathode are connected by an electricity- conducting wire. As electr ...

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As electrons leave the vessel in which oxidation is occurring, a net positive charge accumulates in th ...

the reaction is spontaneous and the electrochemical cell produces energy. > 0 The reaction is spontaneo ...

DRILL 1 Question Type A Questions 1–4 refer to the following. (A) Al3+ + 3e− → Al(s) (B) Na(s) → Na+ + ...

102. ...