32 ❯ STEP 2. Determine Your Test Readiness
- D—(Chapter 10) Tom wants to drive the car, but because of his behavior, his parents
took the car away from him. This is called omission training or negative punishment. - D—(Chapter 10) JoBeth learned by observing her mother and imitating the behavior.
- B—(Chapter 10) Mirror neurons fire when an animal acts and/or is observed
by another animal. The neuron is said to “mirror” the behavior of the observed
individual. - E—(Chapter 10) Extinction is a process of eliminating a behavior by stopping the
delivery of reinforcers responsible for maintaining the behavior. Most psychologists
consider extinction to be a process of continued learning. As a result, the schedule
that reinforces the most continued learning would be the least resistant to extinc-
tion. Intermittent, or partial, reinforcement makes extinction slower or harder to
accomplish. This would be the variable interval. Since you never know when the next
reinforcement is going to come, you are more likely to continue the behavior with the
expectation of reinforcement. If you gradually increase the interval you can make the
behavior even more resistant to extinction. - B—(Chapter 11) Syntax is the set of rules that regulate the order in which words can
be combined into grammatically sensible sentences in a language. - A—(Chapter 11) Ralph is looking only for instances that uphold his hypothesis, not
for instances that disconfirm it, so he is showing the confirmation bias. - A—(Chapter 11) Mnemonic devices are memory tricks that help us retrieve informa-
tion from long-term memory. - B—(Chapter 11) Implicit memory stores memories of procedural skills.
- E—(Chapter 11) A heuristic is a “rule of thumb,” a shortcut to an answer that is
usually, but not always, correct. - C—(Chapter 11) We often incorporate information that was not presented into our
memories of events. - D—(Chapter 11) Sally’s problem-solving strategy is to walk through each aisle as she
carefully searches for the spices. This process, although time consuming, will guarantee
her a positive result. An algorithm is a process or set of rules to follow to solve a prob-
lem successfully. - E—(Chapter 11) By definition, a phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit of
language. As such b, ch, th, and ai are all phonemes. There are 44 phonemes in the
English language. - B—(Chapter 12) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the steady state of metabolism in
our bodies. Reestablishing equilibrium is the goal of drive reduction. - B—(Chapter 12) Bingeing and purging characterize bulimia nervosa.
- E—(Chapter 12) All three factors define emotions.
- B—(Chapter 12) The sympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is
aroused, which dilates pupils, slows digestion, speeds the heart, speeds breathing,
increases perspiration, etc. - C—(Chapter 12) Facial expressions seem to be universal across all cultures.
- B—(Chapter 12) The hypothalamus is a region of the brain located below the thala-
mus that controls both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary
gland, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems,
and involved in sleep and emotional activity. The hormone leptin binds to receptors
in the hypothalamus to signal the brain that the stomach is full. Destruction of the
ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus leaves the lateral hypothalamus to operate
uninhibited, causing the rat to always feel hungry and become obese.