Take a Diagnostic Exam ❮ 31- D—(Chapter 7) The adrenal glands secrete corticosteroids and adrenaline when we are
stressed. - E—(Chapter 7) The tiny hypothalamus helps regulate hunger, thirst, body temperature,
some biological rhythms, some emotions, heart rate, and other functions. - A—(Chapter 7) Starla probably has damage to Wernicke’s area, critical for understand-
ing language, which is part of the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. - B—(Chapter 7) Within a single neuron, communication is electrical, via the action
potential; between neurons, communication is accomplished by neurotransmitters,
which are chemicals released into the synapse by the end of a nerve fiber to trigger the
action potential in the receiving end of a second nerve fiber. - A—(Chapter 7) If neuronal stimulation is strong enough, it will cause depolarization,
which causes the electrical impulse, known as the action potential, that runs down the
length of the axon. - C—(Chapter 8) Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are the chemical senses. For the
sense of smell, chemical energy of molecules is changed to the electrochemical energy
of a neural impulse at the mucous membrane on the roof of the nose. This membrane
is called the olfactory mucosa. - A—(Chapter 8) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones in the middle
ear that transmit vibrations to the cochlea, where transduction takes place. If they are
damaged, vibrations may not be transmitted, resulting in conduction deafness. - A—(Chapter 8) Since Hannah could hear a sound from farther away than Maya, she
seems to have a lower absolute threshold for hearing than Maya. - C—(Chapter 8) Kinesthesis is your sense of body position and movement of individual
body parts, with receptors in your muscles, tendons, and joints. - A—(Chapter 8) A mile is too far away for texture gradient, retinal disparity, and
convergence to be factors in perceiving depth. At that distance, the fact that the building
partially hides the hills behind it is a cue to which is closer. - C—(Chapter 8) Psychophysicists study the relationship between physical stimuli and
mental phenomena, such as the psychological interpretation, or perception, of stimuli. - C—(Chapter 8) The gate control theory of pain states that nonpainful input closes
gates to prevent pain messages from traveling to the central nervous system. - A—(Chapter 9) Alpha and beta waves characterize our awake states, whereas theta and
delta waves are more characteristic of sleep states. - A—(Chapter 9) According to the dissociation theory, hypnotized individuals experi-
ence two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other, where the hidden
observer monitors behavior. - C—(Chapter 9) Methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and benzedrine are all
classified as stimulants. - D—(Chapter 9) Sleep deprivation can lead to inattention, which is estimated to be the
cause of at least 100,000 car accidents per year. It can also impact your thinking and
learning and trigger irregular heartbeat and tremors. - D—(Chapter 10) Because of a learned association with loud thunder, lightning can
evoke a cringing reaction. The other behaviors are unlearned, automatic behaviors. - D—(Chapter 10) Classical conditioning establishes an association between an uncon-
ditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus. The
unconditioned stimulus is the reinforcer. - B—(Chapter 10) The pigeon does not discriminate among the different lights.
Responding the same way to other colors of light as to yellow light is generalizing. - A—(Chapter 10) The teacher wanted someone to turn off the alarms. She reinforced
closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, which is known as shaping.