Take a Diagnostic Exam ❮ 33- D—(Chapter 12) As adrenaline increases in the body, the sympathetic nervous system
takes control, which increases heartbeat and glucose release by the liver and inhibits
digestion. With the inhibition of digestion, production of saliva in the mouth will
decrease. - E—(Chapter 12) Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior driven by external rewards
such as money, fame, grades, and praise. To earn more money by improving your golf
score is an extrinsic motivation. - D—(Chapter 13) The Y chromosome determines that the fertilized egg will develop
into a male baby, no matter how many X chromosomes are present. - A—(Chapter 13) The lower limit is the level at which the child can solve the problem
working alone, whereas the upper limit requires the child to work hard with a mentor
to solve the problem. - D—(Chapter 13) Chemicals that damage the embryo or fetus, such as alcohol, are
teratogens. - B—(Chapter 13) Continuity is gradual change and discontinuity occurs in stages.
- C—(Chapter 13) As a happily married man, Darren seems to identify himself as
a heterosexual male, which is appropriate according to traditionalists. Traditionally,
however, nursery school teachers are women, so being a nursery school teacher would
be regarded as an inappropriate role for a male. - A—(Chapter 13) A fertilized egg is called a zygote. Until about 8 weeks of develop-
ment, it is considered an embryo. As development continues, it is called a fetus. - B—(Chapter 13) According to Erikson, the last stage of development, integrity versus
despair, deals with self-reflection. As older adults, some people look back with a sense
of contentment and fulfillment, feeling they have led a meaningful life and made a
valuable contribution to society. Others may reflect upon their experiences and failures,
developing a sense of despair during this stage. - D—(Chapter 13) Marital satisfaction can be estimated by assessing the positive and
negative interactions a couple has. A spouse’s perception of his or her partner’s positive
and negative behavior during marital interaction can further support the relationship
or drive a wedge between the couple. - A—(Chapter 14) Of Freud’s three personality constructs (the id, ego, and superego),
the id is the one guided by the pleasure principle. - D—(Chapter 14) Regression is a retreat to an earlier level of development characterized
by more immature, pleasurable behavior (in this case oral behavior). - E—(Chapter 14) Reciprocal determinism theory states that characteristics of the
person, the person’s behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way
causal relationships. - E—(Chapter 14) According to Eysenck, neuroticism is our level of instability and
extroversion is our sociability. - B—(Chapter 14) Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasizes the importance of
observational learning, imitation, and modeling. This includes the interaction between
behavior, environmental factors, and personal factors—including cognition and affec-
tive and biological events—called the reciprocal causation model. As such, a social−cog-
nitive theorist would not agree with the psychoanalytical approach of identifying and
addressing unconscious conflicts. - D—(Chapter 14) Abraham Maslow created a hierarchy of needs, often portrayed as a
triangle or pyramid, based on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, beginning at the
bottom with basic physiological needs. The statement, “A musician must make music;
an artist must paint; a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself,”
emphasizes the drive to reach self-actualization, Maslow’s highest stage of fulfillment.