Take a Diagnostic Exam ❮ 35- E—(Chapter 16) DSM-5 classifies mental disorders into 22 major categories according
to their symptoms. - D—(Chapter 17) Systematic desensitization is the only behavioral therapy listed. It has
been very helpful in lessening fear step by step. - E—(Chapter 17) Humanistic therapy focuses on the present and future, conscious
thoughts and feelings, and promoting growth. Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on
unconscious thoughts and feelings in the past and on curing illness. - D—(Chapter 17) Aversive conditioning is a type of counterconditioning. An asso-
ciation is formed between an obnoxious stimulus (such as nausea) and an unwanted
behavior (such as drinking alcohol). - B—(Chapter 17) Bright light exposure in the morning results in lower secretion of the
sleep-inducing hormone melatonin and protects against depression. - A—(Chapter 17) Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are classified as SSRIs (selective seroto-
nin reuptake inhibitors), which prevent the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing
serotonin, leaving more serotonin in the synapse to bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic
neurons, enabling them to fire. - D—(Chapter 17) Aaron Beck’s cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the idea that
how we think, feel, and act are connected. Specifically, our thoughts determine our
feelings and behavior. To treat depression, a cognitive behavioral therapist would help
her client to identify when he makes negative interpretations and to identify behavioral
patterns which reinforce the depressed thinking. This therapy helps people develop
alternative thoughts and behaviors to reduce their psychological distress. This therapy
would not include historical reconstruction, resistance and transference, which are
Freudian or psychoanalytical ideas. - B—(Chapter 18) Foot-in-the-door phenomenon is the tendency for a person who has
agreed to a limited commitment to later agree to a more significant commitment. - C—(Chapter 18) Social facilitation is the improved performance of well-learned or
simple tasks in the presence of others. - D—(Chapter 18) The bystander effect, the tendency for bystanders not to help some-
one in need when others are present, often results from diffusion of responsibility and
lack of recognition of the need. Specifying someone to perform a specific task generally
results in the person doing that job. - D—(Chapter 18) Research by Burnstein and Vinokur has shown that when a group is
evenly split on an issue, participants in a discussion partially convince each other that
their own positions are valid, and participants moderate their positions—but this seems
to be true only when group members are evenly divided and equally passionate about
their views. - C—(Chapter 18) Social psychology studies how the individual thinks about, influ-
ences, and relates to others and how others relate to him or her; sociology emphasizes the
behavior and functions of groups. - E—(Chapter 18) According to evolutionary psychologists, our behavior tends to help
perpetuate our genes. We are, thus, more likely to help close kin who are likely to
reproduce than others. If we need to choose others to help in life-or-death situations,
we will tend to choose those who may benefit us or our kin.