Western Civilization - History Of European Society

220 Chapter 12 government in the hands of such old aristocratic fami- lies as the Orsini and the Colonna. Popular dissatisfac- t ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 221 to subjugate the Welsh and Scots could not be aban- doned eve ...

222 Chapter 12 by mercenaries. Those townsmen who could afford to, bought horse and armor and tried to fight like knights. The m ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 223 imperceptible change. This is an illusion that comes from thi ...

224 Chapter 12 defensive works until the nineteenth century. Walls were lowered and thickened to widths of forty feet or more. B ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 225 signed for their Atlantic trade, adapted carvel construc- tio ...

226 Chapter 12 Poland, established early in the eleventh century, and by a rapidly expanding Lithuanian state whose rulers were ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 227 aggressive leadership of Osman (1258–1324), it offered the op ...

228 Chapter 12 The first phase of the war went badly for France. This is at first sight surprising as England was by far the sma ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 229 with Pedro “the Ceremonious” of Aragon, the latter en- courag ...

230 Chapter 12 preserved the south of France for Charles, was followed by a string of victories that led to the repudiation of t ...

Plague, War, and Social Change in the “Long”Fourteenth Century 231 his life. Though respected for his piety, he was wholly incap ...

232 Chapter 12 beauty, and a whole host of other human stereotypes. Not surprisingly, the word macabreseems to have en- tered th ...

CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Introduction II. The Consolidation of the State (c. 1350–1500) A. The Iberian Kingdoms: Ferdinand and Isabell ...

234 Chapter 13 III of England (reigned 1234–72), for example, the royal budget hovered consistently in the range of £12,500 per ...

The Renaissance: Political Renewal and Intellectual Change 235 became the great powers of the succeeding age. Not only did perpe ...

236 Chapter 13 The Iberian Kingdoms: Ferdinand and Isabella The Iberian Peninsula was in some ways an unlikely birthplace for tw ...

The Renaissance: Political Renewal and Intellectual Change 237 pogroms and a wave of forced conversions between 1390 and 1450. M ...

238 Chapter 13 from the peninsula. Spain added the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples to its growing empire and became the dom- inant ...

The Renaissance: Political Renewal and Intellectual Change 239 Empire or from France. To enhance his independence, Philip had su ...