Gardners Art through the Ages A Global History

Uruk (FIGS. 2-2and 2-3), the Ur ziggurat is much grander. The base is a solid mass of mud brick 50 feet high. The builders used ...

Second Millennium BCE The resurgence of Sumer was short-lived. The last of the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur fell at the hand ...

of heavy stone—a striking contrast to the brick architecture of Mesopotamia—the walls and towers of the Hittites effectively pro ...

Assyria During the first half of the first mil- lennium BCE, the fearsome Assyrians vanquished the various warfaring peoples tha ...

showing scores of men dragging lamassu figures with the aid of ropes and sledges. The Assyrian lamassu sculptures are partly in ...

skins. Their destination is a fort where their compatriots await them. The artist showed the fort as if it were in the middle of ...

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE Although Nebuchadnezzar, “King of Kings” of the biblical Daniel, had boasted that he “caused a mighty wall to ...

tians, and Babylonians among those who built and decorated the palace. Under the single-minded direction of its Persian masters, ...

The son and successor of Artaxerxes, Shapur I (r. 241–272), suc- ceeded in further extending Sasanian territory. He also erected ...

SUMERIAN ART, ca. 3500–2332 BCE ❚The Sumerians founded the world’s first city-states in the valley between the Tigris and Euphra ...

3-1Death mask of Tutankhamen, from the innermost coffin in his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 bce. Gold with inla ...

N early 2,500 years ago, the Greek historian Herodotus wrote, “Concerning Egypt itself I shall extend my remarks to a great leng ...

can vary by as much as two centuries. Exact years cannot be assigned to the reigns of individual pharaohs until 664 BCE (26th Dy ...

their original appearance. The paintings formed a frieze running around three adjacent walls of the tomb and represented what se ...

exactly what event is depicted. No longer regarded as commemorat- ing the foundation of the first of Egypt’s 31 dynasties around ...

The Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods 57 T he Egyptians did not make the sharp distinction between body and soul that is ba ...

bedrock. The vast subterranean complex resembles a palace. It was to be Djoser’s new home in the afterlife. Befitting the god-ki ...

lation into stone of structural forms previously made out of plants may be seen in the columns(FIG. 3-7) of the North Palace (FI ...

60 Chapter 3 EGYPT UNDER THE PHARAOHS Goddesses of Egypt,” page 54). The Great Pyramids are symbols of the sun. The Pyramid Text ...

the complex served not only as the king’s tomb and temple but also as his palace in the afterlife. GREAT SPHINXBeside the causew ...