The Birth of America- From Before Columbus to the Revolution
during the seventeenth century. The Dutch in New Amsterdam quoted prices in silver, beaver skins, and “wampum.” But wampum seems ...
More complex were what came to be called “mourning wars.” Many Indian societies, particularly the Iroquois group, believed that ...
the English, yet in a Short time they become disgusted with our manner of life, and the care and pains that are necessary to sup ...
chapter 2 The Fearsome Atlantic L ooking west, the people of the gentle Mediterranean saw the Atlantic as the great unknown, obs ...
tance for the discovery of America, was that Spain acquired the Canary Islands. Also important for Columbus’s voyage, the war ha ...
transforming it from a “Mediterranean”caravela latina,withlateensails, to an “Atlantic”caravela redonda,with square sails. The w ...
to get some notion of the size of the Earth. Since Earth was known to be a round ball, the key measurement was the size of a deg ...
However much he excited the navigators who followed him, Columbus inadvertently terribly misled them. His own trip from the Cana ...
PR EV AI LI NG W IN DS RP EV AI LI N G W IN DS Tampico SPAIN PORTUGAL NEWSPAIN Madeira INCA KINGDOM Havana FRANCE CanaryIslands ...
the trip. The zephyr that had carried Columbus had turned to howling tempest. Since no one could predict how long the passage ac ...
Nay, before the voyage did end, a woman great with child offered twenty shillings for a rat, which the proprietor refusing, the ...
the provisions and so made sure the food was reasonably palatable, the lit- tle ships could carry only a small amount of food an ...
That also was the Atlantic which the Spanish flotaendured on the return leg of its treasure-gathering trip to the Caribbean. But ...
shorter, optimistically put at thirty to forty days east to west and about twenty-four days west to east; so it was cheaper. It ...
were in mortal danger. Running aground on a reef, striking a rock, or slam- ming into a coast caused many a ship to be “cast awa ...
gers’ main occupation throughout the voyage. And, bad as the inability to ever get clean must have been, defecating was not only ...
among the British, French, Dutch, and Spanish navies in times of hot and cold war and at all times among privateers and pirates. ...
The Spaniards and the British, even when they fought one another, were engaged in a bloody and unending war against pirates. Whe ...
Not surprisingly, exiled white prisoners suffered casualties comparable to those that took place on the ships transporting black ...
chapter 3 Sugar, Slaves, and Souls T hroughout the Middle Ages, western Europeans had bought sugar from the lands of the eastern ...
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