215–216, 273
Salinas, Battle of, 256–257
Salutati, Coluccio, 280
Sardinia, 241
Savonarola, Girolamo, 127–128,
207, 214, 230, 253, 280–282
followers, 39, 50, 251, 252
Savoy (France), 282
Savoy, Louise of, 133, 201, 282–283
Saxony (Germany), 283
Scheiner, Christoph, 34
Schiacciato technique, 103
Schmalkaldic League, 54, 74, 153,
219–220, 244, 283
Schoeffer, Peter, 151
Scholars/scholarship, 11–12, 14,
19–20, 271–272
See alsoHumanism; Muslims,
scholarship
The School of Athens(Raphael),
270
School of Fontainebleau, 133
Science, 15–16, 30, 38, 87–88, 109,
160
Scientific investigation, 16, 69, 115,
137, 207, 260
religion and, 38, 128, 160
Scotland, 171, 180–181, 283–284,
326
Sculpture, 203, 284–285
Scutage, 212
Sea Beggars, 124–125
The Secret of the Universe(Kepler),
179
Self-Portrait(Dürer), 108
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 184
Servetus, Michael, 63
Seymour, Jane, 45, 95, 158, 309
Sforza, Caterina, 285–286
Sforza, Francesco, 145, 197, 286–
287, 324
Sforza, Giovanni, 46–47
Sforza, Ludovico, 53, 75, 101, 287–
288
Sforza, Polissena, 197, 198
Sforza family, 168, 218, 285–288
Sfumato technique, 187, 270
Shakespeare, William, 172, 288–
289, 302, 309
iinfluence of, 15, 216
iinfluences on, 43, 223, 235
The Shepherd’s Calendar(Spenser),
293
The Ship of Fools(Bosch), 48
Ships and shipbuilding, 117, 156,
261, 289–291
See alsoSpanish Armada
Sicily, 50, 168, 225, 226, 241
Sickingen, Franz von, 163
Siena (Italy), 168, 291
Sigismund (Holy Roman
Emperor), 92, 144, 161, 163, 228
Sigismund III Vasa (king, Sweden),
316
Signorelli, Luca, 25
Silk Road, 97, 117, 307, 317
Siloé, Diego de, 225
Simony, 272
Sistine Chapel, 49, 143, 177, 185,
238, 247–248, 273
See alsoMichelangelo Buonar-
roti
Sixtus IV (pope), 78, 166, 175,
176, 206, 218, 245, 273, 306
Sixtus V (pope), 273
Sixtus VI (pope), 32
Sixty-Seven Articles, 331
Slavery, 156–157, 183–184, 229,
291–292
Society of Jesus, 189–190, 244,
271, 272, 329
Socrates, 258
Spain, 16, 50, 76–77, 80, 133, 308,
318
colonies, 74, 89–91, 167–168,
183–184, 222, 251, 256–257
conquests, 226, 228, 325
explorations, 83–84, 99–100,
118–119, 123–124, 196, 261
expulsion of Jews, 172, 306
theater, 301–302
unification, 16, 123, 157, 167,
174, 222
wars, 105–106, 113, 115, 262,
303
See alsoItalian Wars
Spanish Armada, 253, 271, 290,
292–293
defeat, 106, 113, 115, 154, 250–
251, 309
Spanish Inquisition, 123, 166, 168,
172, 306–307
See alsoInquisition
The Spanish Tragedy(Kyd), 302
Spenser, Edmund, 15, 115, 235,
268, 293–294
Spice Islands, 66, 83, 84, 97, 118–
119, 196, 197
Sprenger, Jacob, 86
Stampa, Gaspara, 294–295
De Stella Nova(Brahe), 52
Stifel, Michael, 204
Stonehenge, 175
Strozzi family, 291, 295
Stuart dynasty, 114, 171, 283, 284,
309
Suleiman (sultan), 233, 296–297
Surgeons, 207–208
Swabia (Germany), 153, 302
Swabian War, 246, 254Sweden, 297–298, 302–303, 315–
316
Switzerland, 212, 272, 326
Symphonies, 221
Syngramma Suevicum(Brenz), 54T
Tallis, Thomas, 58, 59, 115
Tamburlaine the Great(Marlowe),
202
Tartaglia, Niccolo, 204
Tasso, Torquato, 125, 294, 299–300
Tatar dynasty, 276
Taxation, 13, 14, 77
Tears of St. Peter(Lasso), 185
Technology.SeeManufacturing;
Printing
Telescopes, 16, 34, 88, 137–138,
179, 204
The Tempest(Giorgione), 142
Tempietto chapel, 53
Temple of San Francesco, 21, 198
The Temptation of St. Anthony
(Bosch), 48
Tenebrism, 65
Teresa of Avila, Saint, 166, 300–301
Tetrabiblios(Ptolemy), 32
Textile industry, 79, 126, 190
Theater, 84–85, 115, 288–289, 301–
302
Thirty Years’ War, 15, 77, 263, 297,
302–303, 316
origins, 44, 154, 246, 272, 276
Time of Troubles (Russia), 277
Tintoretto, Jacopo, 146, 190, 303–
304, 319
Tithes, 14, 69, 240
Titian, 142, 223, 303, 304–306
influence of, 146, 319
patrons, 101, 107, 125, 144
Torquemada, Tomás de, 306–307
Toscanelli, Paolo, 307
The Tower of Babel(Brueghel, Pi-
eter, elder), 55
Town planning, 28–29
See alsoCities
Toxophilus(Ascham), 31
Trade, 63, 76–77, 119, 190, 203–
204, 307–308
Florentine, 238, 280
gold, 145, 156–157
international, 14, 200, 261
Portuguese, 35–36
spice, 118, 135, 222, 318
See alsoSlavery
Transportation, 76, 238, 307
See alsoExplorations; Ships
and shipbuilding
Treaty of Arras, 174Index