Piero della Francesca, 52, 247, 252
Piero di Cosimo, 252–253
La Pieta(Michelangelo
Buonarroti), 214
Pinakes(Lists, Callimachus), 61
Piracy, 77, 234, 253–254
Pirckheimer, Willibald, 254
Pisanello, 225, 254–255
Pius II (pope), 123, 160, 198, 218,
255–256
Pius IV (pope), 93
Pizarro, Francisco, 99, 119, 256–
257
Plague, 43, 126, 249, 257–258, 313
Plato, 14, 222, 258–259
See alsoNeoplatonism
Plays.SeeMarlowe, Christopher;
Operas; Shakespeare, William;
Theater
Pleiade group, 273, 274
Pliny the Elder, 259–260, 314
Plotinus, 226, 227
Poitiers, Diane de, 208–209, 223
Poland, 263, 271, 315–316
Politics, 13–14, 76, 86
Poliziano, Angelo, 77, 128, 141,
260
Polyphonic music, 220, 221, 239
Porlinari, Beatrice, 25, 26
Porphyry, 226
Porta Magna, 265–266
Portugal, 166, 172, 260–262
colonies, 35–36, 64, 124, 157,
167–168, 222, 261–262, 292
epic poem of, 63, 64
explorations, 82, 97, 117–119,
156–157, 196–197, 200, 290,
308, 321
wars, 148, 251
Prague (Bohemia), 44, 154, 162,
276, 302
Predestination, 62, 63
Presbyterian Church, 180, 284
Prez, Josquin des, 133, 220, 227
Primavera(Botticelli), 49
The Prince(Machiavelli), 46, 195
Princes, 13, 16–17, 76
Printing, 12–13, 150–151, 204, 238,
262–263
classical scholarship and, 31,
77–78, 222, 319
Protestant Reformation and,
186, 272
Privateers, 253–254
The Procession of the True Cross in
the Piazza San Marco(Gentile
Bellini), 40
Proclus, 226
Le Propheties(Nostradamus), 230
Prostitutes.SeeCourtesans
Protestantism, 44, 62, 80–81, 116,
228, 297
English, 15, 59, 157–158, 219
French, 50–51, 132, 193
German, 102, 185–186, 192,
210, 246, 272, 302–303
See alsoChurch of England;
Huguenots; Reformation,
Protestant
Prussia, 263
Prutenic Tables, 33, 34
Przemyslid dynasty, 44
Ptiscus, Bartholomaeus, 204
Ptolemy, 32
astronomical theories, 16, 33,
87, 137, 138, 179
maps, 212, 254
Ptolemy I (pharaoh, Egypt), 61
Publishing, freedom of, 216
See alsoPrinting
Puritans, 63, 171, 302Q
Quercia, Jacopo della, 190, 265–
266, 285, 291
Quintilian, 111R
Rabelais, Francois, 160, 201, 223,
267
Racine, Jean, 301
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 267–269
Raphael, 53, 67, 68, 226, 269–271
influence of, 39, 88, 100, 273,
274, 305, 316
influences on, 188, 248
patrons, 23, 107, 125, 144, 185
De Re Aedificatoria(Leon Alberti),
21
Reconquista, 167
Reformation, Catholic, 39, 85, 201,
240–241, 243–246, 272–273, 301
architecture and art, 28, 128
See alsoCatholicism; Index of
Forbidden Books; Inquisition;
Thirty Years’ War
Reformation, Protestant, 15, 76,
86, 159, 240, 271–272
fight against, 69–70, 74, 93,
166, 189–190, 243–245, 300–
301, 313
origins, 92, 102, 151, 162, 190–
193, 283
spread of, 54, 185, 186, 246,
273
See alsoChurch of England;
Protestantism; Thirty Years’
War;and individual Protestantreformers
Reformed Church, 272, 331
Religion, 34, 128
science and, 38, 87–88, 109,
160
See also individual religions
Renaissance
Italian, 11–17
origin of term, 28, 317
The Republic(Plato), 258–259
Republics, 13, 17
See alsoCity-states, Italian; Flo-
rence (Italy), republic of; Mi-
lan (Italy), republic of;
Nation-states
The Resurrection of Lazarus
(Caravaggio), 65
Revolt of the Comuneros, 174
Rheticus, George, 88
Riario, Girolamo, 286
Richard III (king, England), 48,
114, 308
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand-Jean,
149, 210, 301
Rococo period, 89
Roman Inquisition.SeeCongrega-
tion of the Holy Office
Romanov dynasty, 277
Rome (Italy), 272–273
Jews in, 141, 244
restoration of, 11–12, 13, 29,
177, 229, 244
See alsoSack of Rome
Rome, ancient, 196, 265
architecture, 27, 175, 240
fall of, 168, 169, 225, 241
literature, 77–78, 160, 185, 198,
249, 301
Ronsard, Pierre de, 201, 223, 273–
274
Rubens, Peter Paul, 209, 274–275
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor),
154, 179, 275–276
Rudolff, Christoph, 204
Rudolphine Tables, 34, 179
Russia, 234, 276–277, 298
Russian Orthodox Church, 276S
Sack of Rome, 74, 98, 153, 169, 177,
273, 279
Sacred and Profane Love(Titian),
305
Sacred Congregation of the Index,
165
Safavid dynasty, 221
Saint Batholomew’s Day Massacre,
50, 155, 209, 313
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 53, 97, 177,Index