Writing Academic English 4th Edition

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2Note:Therearemanyinstancesinwhichtherulesgiveninthefourstepsdonotapply.Therulesaregeneral

guidelinesanddonotcovereverysituation.

CarloshasnotbeenbackhomesincecomingtotheUnited

Statesthreeyearsago.

A studentshouldconsiderseyeralfactorsbeforechoosing

a college.

CarloshasnotbeenbackhomesincehecametotheUnited

Statesthreeyearsago.

SincecomingtotheUnitedStatesthreeyearsago,Carlos

hasnotbeenbackhome.

Beforea studentchoosesa college,heorsheshouldconsider

severalfactors.

Beforechoosingacollege,a studentshouldconsider

severalfactors.

since(time)

Retain

before

11 °;"1:

iii

II.

Chapteris IParticipialPhrases 2591

..

Whiletechnologycreatesnewjobsinsomesectorsoftheeconomy,#

takesawayjobsinothers.

Step 4 Deleteorretainthesubordinatoraccordingtothefollo~ingrules:

a. Retainbefore,andretainsincewhenit is a timesubordinator.

b. Deleteaswhenit is a timesubordinator.

c. Deleteallthreereasonsubordinatorsbecause,since,andas.

d. Retainafter,while,andwheniftheparticipialphrasefollowsthe

independentclause.Whenthephraseis inanotherposition,you

mayeitherretainordeletethesesubordinators.

Step 3 Changetheadverbclauseverbtotheappropriateparticiple.

Whilecreatingnewjobsinsomesectorsoftheeconomy,technology

takesawayjobsinothers.

Step 2 Deletethesubjectoftheadverbclause.Ifnecessary,moveit tothe

subjectpositionintheindependentclause.

Toreduceanadverbclause,followthesesteps.2

Step 1 Makesurethatthesubjectoftheadverbclauseandthesubjectofthe

independentclausearethesame.

Whiletechnologycreatesnewjobsinsomesectorsoftheeconomy,it

takesawayjobsinothers.