Index 531side développé
drop of greater trochanter 208
and pelvic tilt 206f
side extensions 204–208
“lift from under the leg” 209
strengthening exercises 207f
single-joint muscle 57
sinus 11t
sissone ouverte 472
sitting
and intervertebral disc pressure 151
and spinal alignment 115
sitz bones 159
skeletal muscle. See muscle(s)
skeletal system
appendicular skeleton 9–10
axial skeleton 9–10
definition 2
skull 9
sliding filament theory 37–39, 50
slow-twitch fibers 39
smooth muscle 34, 35t
soleus 469f
actions and attachments 313–314
location 61f
muscle fiber type 39
stretching 357t
in upright standing 53
speed of movement 48
spinal canal 72
spinal column 72
spinalis cervicis 86t, 91 t
spinalis muscles 87
spinalis thoracis 86t, 91 t, 93 f
spinal muscles
anterior view 92f
deep posterior group 88–89
erector spinae 86–87
external obliques 83
and flexion of spine 108–109
iliopsoas 85–86
internal obliques 83–84
posterior view 93f
rectus abdominis 82
semispinalis 87–88
summary of attachments and actions
90–91t
transverse abdominis 84–85
spine
abdominal muscles as stabilizers 471f
alignment 81
alignment and distal joint mechanics
477
alignment during lateral flexion 116f
alignment in dance 113–115
alignment problems 474t
bones 72–74
bony landmarks 72–74
and centered movement 113
and core stability 112–113
craniovertebral joints 76–77
extension 109–110
flexion 116–118
flexion (lateral view) 75f
flexion relaxation phenomenon 117
hyperextension 115–116
hyperextension in dancers 142
hyperextension (lateral view) 75f
lateral 89
lateral flexion 23t, 110–111
lifting and lengthening 114
mechanics 106–108
movements and muscles 109t
movements of 26
and partnering 118–120
as part of axial skeleton 9
protection by abdominals 106–108
range of motion 143t
range of motion variability 146
rotation 112
of scapula 374
stretching 142
upper back lifted 118
spine (bony marking) 11t
of ischium 158f
spine strengthening exercises 134–140t
balance with abdominal strengthening
133, 140
extensor muscles 141
lateral flexion muscles 141
rotator muscles 141–142
spine stretches 144–147
range of hyperextension 148f
spinous process 11t, 73, 73f
spondylolisthesis 149–150
rehabilitation from 152
spondylolysis 95, 116, 149–150
spongy bone 4
sprain 29
spring ligament 304
stability. See core stability
stabilizer (fixator) muscle 55
standing posture
and closed-chain pelvic movements
181–183
and hyperextension of spine 116
weight distribution on feet 330
static muscle contraction 52–53
static stretching 67
sternoclavicular joint 376, 377f
sternocleidomastoid 60f, 468f
sternum 9
stirrup muscles 337
strengthening exercises 343t, 344 t
strain 29
strength. See also tensile strength
compressive of bone 2
tensile, of collagen 3
tensile, of tendons 41, 362
strengthening exercises
for arabesque 211f
for front développés and extensions
201 f
for front extensions 202f
Reformer front développé 214t
for side extensions 207f
for turnout 199f
strength test
for abdominal muscles 121–122
for back extensors 131
strength training
design and muscle action 65–66
for hip extensors 66f
and muscle cross-sectional area 40
resistance types 66
stress fractures
causes of 8–9
femur 230
lower leg 366–368
pelvis 230
and spinal hyperextension 115
susceptibility of dancers 7
stretching
bounce stretching contraindicated 117and elasticity of muscle 37
exercise design 67
muscle sensitivity to 52
and turnout 196, 198f
stretch-shortening cycle 54
striated muscle 34
structural scoliosis 104
styloid process 422
subacromial bursa 380
subcoracoid bursa 380
subdeltoid bursa 380
subscapularis 400–401
subtalar joint 301t, 302–303
superficial 18, 18t
superior 17, 18t
superior articular process 73f, 74
superior border of patella 238
superior peroneal (fibular) retinaculum
308
superior ramus of pubis 158f, 159
superior vertebral notch 73
supination 23t, 27, 422f
and foot mechanics 331
muscle 423–424
during walking 334–335
supinator 419
supine 17
supraspinatus 385, 469f
posterior view 394f
supraspinous ligaments 76
sutures 11, 12t
synergist (neutralizer) muscle 55, 470
synovial fluid 13
synovial joints 13–14
movements 22, 28
structure 12t, 13 f
subclassification 14–15, 16–17t
synovial membrane 13
systems, definition 2
T
“tailor’s muscle” 166
talocrural joint 300–301, 301t
talometatarsal joints 305
talonavicular joint 301t, 304–305
talus 298, 299f
tarsals 10, 298
tarsal tunnel 299f
tarsometatarsal joint 301t
tendinous inscriptions 82, 92f
tendon 41
tendon sheath 14, 15f
tendu
use of stirrup muscles 337–338
“use the floor” 315
tensile strength
of collagen 2
of tendons 41, 362
tensor fasciae latae 60f, 167f, 244, 251f,
468 f
actions and attachments 171, 175
anterior view 176f
teres major 61f, 390, 394f, 469f
teres minor 386, 394f, 400–401
third-class lever 45
thoracic cage 77, 78f
thoracic region 76f
thoracic vertebrae 72
during adulthood 73f
at birth 73f
facet joints 76f
joints with ribs 77–78