index
with 了 le to indicate the completion of an
action 11.3, 17.1, 37.1, 37.2
with 又 yòu to indicate that an action occurred
again in the past 37.5
with 在 zài and 正在 zhèngzài to indicate
ongoing actions in present time 17.2.1,
34.2
with 再 zài to indicate that an action will occur
in the future 36.2
additional information, ways to express 也 yě
15.2.1, 还/還 hái 15.2.3, 40
additive or and relationship with conjunctions
16.1
addresses and addressing envelopes 22.7
addressing others and terms of address 22.4,
22.5
adjectives (see adjectival verbs)
adjectival verbs 10
and comparison 10.5, 30.6
in comparison structures 10.7, 33
and expressions of change 10.9, 38.3
linking adjectival verbs – with 而 ér 40.6,
with 又 yòu 10.8, 40.9
modification of adjectival verbs by
intensifiers 10.3
negation of adjectival verbs 10.1, 27.1.1
as noun modifiers 9.2.1.3
as predicates 10, 30.2
adverbs 15
adverbial phrase as modifier of action 31.1,
31.3
adverbs and modal verbs 12.6.5, 20.5
adverbs that describe habitual action 35.3
adverbs that indicate contrast 41.2
adverbs that indicate past time 37.8
adverbs that indicate sequence 42
adverbs that occur with negation 27.3.1
adverbs that refer to future time 36.2
adverbs with logical function 15.2
cái 才 15.2.6, 42.2.2.2, 32.3.2
dōu 都 15.2.2, 35.1, 35.3, 46.1.1, 46.2,
46.4
hái 还/還 15.2.3, 40.2, 40.3a m. and p m. 49.1.4
abandoning a request 62.4
abbreviation 2.2.1.3
ability 12.2, 52.1
expressing an innate ability or talent 52.1.2
expressing a learned ability 52.1.1
expressing physical ability 52.1.3
with 会/會 huì 12.2, 52.1
with 可以 kěyǐ 12.2.3
with 能 néng 12.2.2
with potential infixes 得 de and 不 bu 32.2
with potential suffixes 得了 deliǎo and
不了 buliǎo 18.6.2, 32.4
absolutely (not) 并/並 bìng 27.3.1
across from 对面/對面 duìmiàn 47.1
actions and action verbs 13
action verbs as noun modifiers 9.2.1.5
change-of-state action verbs 13.6
describing how actions are performed 31
and directional movement 48.8
indicating that actions occur in sequence
17.1.1, 37.2
indicating that an action did not occur in the
past 13.3.2, 17.1.1.2, 27.1.2, 37.3
indicating that an action does not occur or will
not occur 13.3.1, 27.1.1
indicating the duration of an action 4.9, 13.5.1,
13.6.1, 17.2, 34.4, 39.1, 39.2, 39.3
indicating the frequency of an action 39.4
indicating the result or conclusion of an
action using resultative verbs 18, 17.4,
32
with manner adverbials 31.1, 31.2
with modifiers that precede the verb phrase
27.3
obligatory objects of action verbs 13.5.2
open-ended action verbs 13.5
talking about actions that begin in the past and
continue to the present 34.7
talking about habitual actions 35
with 过/過 guo to indicate that an action has
been experienced in the past 13.2, 17.3,
37.6, 37.7