Summary (^231)
KEy TERmS
The terms below are defined in the margins throughout this chapter. Review your Flashcards.
absolute listening 229
ad hominem 227
ad populum 227
analogy 222
argument 215
artistic proofs 215
causal reasoning 226
common ground 217
deductive reasoning 225
demagogue 221
enthymeme 225
ethos 215
fallacy 226
false analogy 227
false dichotomy 228
faulty generalization 227
identification or
co-orientation 217
inductive reasoning 223
invitational rhetoric 228
logos 221
motivation 218
parallel case or literal
analogy 222
pathos 218
persuasion 215
post hoc 228
reasoning by metaphor 222
re-sourcement 229
reversibility of
perspectives 229
slippery slope 227
unsupported assertion 227
warmth 217
CRITICal ThInKIng ExERCISES
- Find a political cartoon or an advertisement for a product that interests you. How
does it appeal to emotions (both positive and negative)? To needs? To values?
How does the source establish credibility? What type of reasoning (logos) does
it show? - Find a letter to the editor in your local newspaper about a controversial topic, or
read a comment that follows an online news article. Identify the types of reason-
ing the author uses and then evaluate his or her arguments. Do they pass the
tests for reasoning given in the text? Assess the overall effectiveness of the
argument. - Watch the movie Twelve Angry Men, or watch clips of some of the movie’s speeches
found on YouTube. Focus on the persuasiveness of the arguments stemming from
logical and emotional appeals and from the credibility of the speaker(s). - For more examples of persuasive reasoning, go to your online resources to watch and
critique one or more of the following: “Cyber-Bullying,” “Grief Counseling on Campus,”
“Immediate Action,” “Cultural Sensitivity and the Peace Corps,” or “Spanking”
(invitational rhetoric).
applICaTIon ExERCISES- With a small group of classmates, make a list of possible speech topics that relate to
each of the levels of need in Maslow’s hierarchy. - Connect to the link to Debatabase: The International Debate Education Association
website on your online resources. Under the category “Popular Debates” link to a topic
that interests you. Working with a partner and, each one taking a side, read through
the major arguments and the supporting materials. Decide which position has the most
compelling arguments and why. - Read the student speech below. It has good and bad elements. To guide your analysis,
stop throughout your reading and answer the questions inserted between points in
the text.
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