Public Speaking

287

A

absent audiences listeners who are separated from the

speaker and receive the message through some form of

media

absolute listening listening without interrupting or

inserting oneself into the talk

academic journals journals that pertain to a specific area

of academic research

Accidental plagiarists plagiarists who lack knowledge

about the rules

accommodation response to diversity in which you

listen and evaluate the views of others; both sides adapt,

modify, and bargain to reach mutual agreements

actuate motivate the audience to do something

ad hominem an attack on the messenger rather than the

message

ad populum an appeal to popular opinion

affective effects influences on listeners’ feelings

ageist language language that negatively influences the

way listeners think about older people

alliteration word with a recurring initial sound

alternation varying numbers and letters in a consistent

pattern for different levels of points

ambiguous word identifies more than one object or idea;

its meaning depends on the context

analogies state similarities between two things

analogy comparison of one item that’s less familiar or

unknown to something concrete and familiar

annotate to summarize a book or article’s contents on a

source card

anticipatory speech anxiety tension experienced at the

mere thought of giving a speech

antimetabole saying words in one phrase, and reversing

them in the next phrase

archetypal symbol recurring metaphor and simile that

arises from shared human and natural experiences

argument an intentional, purposeful set of reasons created

to explain disputed beliefs and conclusions

articulation the way you enunciate or say specific sounds,

an element of pronunciation

artistic proofs reasons the speaker creates to accept an

argument

assimilation response to diversity in which you embrace

new perspectives and lifestyles and reject or surrender

some or most of your previous beliefs and actions

attitudes our tendency to like or dislike something or to

have positive or negative feelings about it

audience analysis identifying audience characteristics to

communicate more effectively

B

backing additional reasons to support or defend a warrant

bar graph compares data from several groups by using

bands of various lengths

behavioral effects influences on audience actions

belief mental acceptance of something as true or false,

correct or incorrect, valid or invalid

bicultural knowing and applying different rules for

competent behaviors in two cultures

blame the cause of the problem

burden of proof responsibility of the speaker who argues

against the status quo to make the case for change

C

canon a set of principles, standards, norms, or guidelines

canon of delivery rules or standards for presenting a

speech

canon of disposition or arrangement guidelines for

organizing a speech

canon of invention principles for designing a speech that

meets a need of a specific audience

canon of memory guidelines to help you remember your

ideas

canon of style principles for choosing effective language

canons of rhetoric principles, standards, norms, or

guidelines for creating and delivering a speech

causal claim claim about the relationship links between

occurrences

causal reasoning linking two factors in such as way that

the first occurs before the second and regularly leads to

the second as a matter of rule

cause–effect or causal pattern presents reasons (causes)

and implications (effects) of a topic

central idea a synonym for thesis statement

chronological pattern presents points in a sequential or

time order

civic engagement working with others to help solve

issues of public concern

civility a social virtue grounded in courtesy that chooses to

understand and work with others

claim a debatable point or proposal, conclusion, or

generalization that some people won’t accept without

some sort of evidence or backing

claims of prediction claim that something will or will not

happen in the future

Glossary

Glossary

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