Public Speaking

290 Glossary

homogeneous audiences listeners who are similar in
attitude
hostile audiences listeners who are negative toward the
topic or the speaker
hypothetical example not a real incident or person, but
true-to-life

I
identification, or co-orientation concerns shared among
speakers and listeners that help overcome divisions and
bring diverse people together
image-based visuals carry meaning in visual images;
written words are secondary
impromptu delivery speaking with little advanced
preparation
Improper paraphrase changing some words of a source
but keeping the basic structure and ideas intact without
citing the source
Inclusive language ethical terminology that affirms and
includes, rather than excludes, persons or groups of
people
indentation formatting by spacing various levels of points
toward the right
indirect methods assessing audiences by observation or
secondhand sources
individualistic cultures members of these cultures
depend mainly on themselves and are judged on
personal merits
inductive reasoning starting with specific instances
or examples, then formulating a reasonable
conclusion
information card card for recording and categorizing
important data
information imbalance some people or groups having
very little access to information while others have it in
abundance
interactive whiteboards connects to other technology;
you can overwrite material and then save your
markups
internal monologue (I-M) self-talk
internal preview brief in-speech summary that foretells
the subpoints you’ll develop under a major point
internal summary restates the ideas within a point or
points
invitational rhetoric inviting audiences to enter and
understand the rhetor’s world and then share their own
perspectives; focuses on mutual understanding and
mutual influence, not winning or change per se

J
Jargon a specialized, technical vocabulary that serves the
interests and activities of a particular group

K
key words important words and phrases that will jog the
speaker’s memory

L

language verbal code consisting of symbols that a speech

community uses for communication

laypeople or peers ordinary people whose knowledge

comes from everyday experiences

lecture capture use of technology to upload class materials

in digital formats

legacy journalism traditional news sources such as local

and national newspapers

line graph displays in a linear form one or more variables

that fluctuate over a time period

listening active process that receives, distinguishes, attends

to, assigns meaning, and remembers what you hear

listening speaker dialogical speaker who hears audience

interests and concerns before, during, and after a

speech

literal analogies compare two actual things that are alike

in important ways

literal images show the actual subject

loaded questions questions containing implications

intended to put the speaker on the defensive

logical elements a speech’s major ideas with supporting

materials and their relationship

logos arguments from the words of the speech itself; often

called rational proofs

M

manuscript delivery reading a speech

MAPit strategy developed by librarians that evaluates

material according to message, author, and purpose

mean average of a group of numbers

median middle number in a set of numbers arranged in a

ranked order

memorized delivery learning the speech by heart, then

reciting it

metaphor comparison of two dissimilar things

metaphorical image implies the subject

mixed metaphor combining metaphors from two or more

sources, starting with one comparison and ending with

another

mode most frequently occurring number

model a facsimile of an object you can’t easily bring to the

speech

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence a call to action in five

steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and

action

motivated audiences listeners who listen for a reason

motivation internal, individualized factor that results when

we understand how topics affect our lives in a personal

way

multivocal society society that actively seeks expression

of a variety of voices or viewpoints

N

native digital news news outlets on the Internet that hire

trained journalists and editors

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