Public Speaking

Glossary 291

nonexpressive cultures cultures that value privacy and

encourage members to keep their emotions and ideas to

themselves rather than to express them publicly

nonparallel language language that does not treat the

two sexes equally

O

online public access catalog (OPAC) digital catalog

to help you locate books and materials in your library’s

holdings

open question giving opportunity for a range of answers

or a more lengthy response

oral culture culture with no writing and no technology

for recording messages apart from face-to-face

interactions

oral style characteristics of spoken language compared to

written language

organic pattern alternative pattern that provides a clear

speech structure in a less linear form

organizational chart shows hierarchies and relationships

original document evidence recorded by a primary source

such as a letter or autobiography

P

pandering providing messages audiences want to hear, not

necessarily what they need to hear

parallel case or literal analogy comparing likenesses

between two similar things; arguing that what happened

in a known case will likely happen in a similar case

parallel points points that are similar in kind and length

participatory question question that listeners answer

overtly

passive audience unmotivated listeners who listen to

accomplish other goals

pathos appeals or reasons directed toward audience

emotions

perceived behavioral control our opinion about our

ability to do a behavior

percentage figure that shows the relationship of the part

to the whole, which is represented by the number 100

performance anxiety fear of forgetting or of poorly

presenting a speech

personification giving human characteristics to

nonhuman entities

perspective taking trying to imagine something from

another person’s point of view

persuasion the symbolic process in which a

communicator intentionally creates an argument in an

attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or

behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice

physical factors bodily conditions that can limit your

desire or ability to listen

physiological anxiety bodily responses to a perceived

threat (increased heart rate, adrenaline rush)

picture graph or pictograph presents data in

pictures, each representing a certain number of

individual cases

pie graph represents parts of the whole or divisions of a

population by circles divided into portions

plagiarism presenting the words, images, or ideas of others

as if they were your own

policy claim disputed claim about the need to act or the

plan for taking action

political map shows current borders for states and nations;

can be outdated in a fast-changing world

post hoc a fallacy of causation; a false cause

power posing assuming the open and expansive postures

associated with powerful people

prejudice preformed biases or judgments, whether

negative or positive

presentation aids visual, audio, and multimedia support

that helps audiences understand and remember

information

presentation software program computer software to

create a package of lists, tables, graphs, and clip art

presumption assumption that change is not necessary

until proven otherwise

preview short summary of the major points you’ll develop

in the speech

primary source information from a person actually

involved in the event

prior or extrinsic credibility credibility that speakers

bring to the speech because of their experience and

reputation

problem–solution pattern describes a problem and a

possible solution or solutions to it

process anxiety fear due to lack of confidence in knowing

how to prepare a speech

process speech describes a sequence of steps or

stages that follow one another in a fairly predictable

pattern

pro–con pattern presents arguments in favor of and

arguments against an issue

psychological anxiety mental stress about a perceived

threat

psychological factor mental stressors or distractions that

take away from your desire or ability to focus

psychological profile assessment of an audience’s beliefs,

values, and attitudes regarding a topic

public speaking a person delivers a presentation to a

group that listens, generally without interrupting the

speaker’s flow of ideas

public speaking anxiety (PSA) fear or dread specifically

related to speaking in public

Q

qualifier word or phrase that limits the scope of the claim

R

race category, often associated with stereotypes, based on

physical characteristics

racist language language that privileges one racial or

ethnic group over another

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