Public Speaking Handbook

Index (^487)
N
Narration, about speaking technique, 241
National Communication Association (NCA), 85,
110
Credo for Communication Ethics of, 51
Needs
of audience, motivation and, 352, 355–357
in motivated sequence, 406
Negative motivation, 352, 358–360
Nervousness, 17–20
causes of, 17–18
overcoming. See Confidence
pattern of, 18–20
News domains, 156
Newspaper Source database, 158
Nichols, Ralph, 77
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 174
Nixon, Richard, 186
Noise, in communication process, 6
Nomination speeches, 422–423
Non sequiturs, 388
Nonverbal communication, 255
in audience analysis, 120–123, 125–126
to communicate emotional response, 390–391
during delivery, 256
humorous, 430–431
listening and, 73–74
responding to, 121–123
to signal end of speech, 229–230
Nonverbal expectancy theory, 255
Nonverbal transitions, 196–197
Noonan, Peggy, 235, 244
Nooyi, Indra, 170
Note taking, 163
Notes, speaking, 199, 205–207
Novelty, to maintain interest of audience, 330–332
O
Obama, Barack, 51–52, 77, 228, 247, 248, 265, 270,
447–450
Objects
as presentation aids, 293, 308–309
speeches about, 318–319, 323
O’Brien, Conan, 16
Occasion
in audience analysis, 118–120
references to, in introductions, 223
Occupation, in audience analysis, 111
O’Keefe, Chris, 430
Olasky, Martin, 219
Omission, 246, 250
Maslow, Abraham, 356, 357, 359
Masterson, John T., Jr., 426–427
Matures, 105–106
McCarthy, Joseph, 56, 393
Mehrabian, Albert, 267
Memorized speaking, 258, 261
Memory, 10
listening and, 68
presentation aids to enhance, 291
strategies to enhance, 333–335
“Message. Messenger. Audience speech” (Rose),
450–453
Messages
in communication process, 5
customizing to audience, 123–124
ethical, 87
focusing on, 24
inclusive, 107
Metaphors, 245, 391
Meyers, Seth, 273
Microphone use, 274–275
Military domains, 156
Millenials, 105–106
Minaj, Nicki, 105
Minor premises, 379
Mirren, Helen, 430
Misconceptions, correcting, 398
Misplaced authority, appeals to, 388
MLA (Modern Language Association) style,
60–61, 203
Models, as presentation aids, 294
Moderators, for group presentations, 418
Monroe, Alan, 405
Montana Sedition Act of 1918, 53
Moore, Michael, 428
Mother Teresa, 392
Motivated sequence, 230, 405–408
Motivation, 349, 352–360. See also Persuasion;
Persuasive speeches
cognitive dissonance and, 352,
353–355, 359
listeners’ needs and, 352,
355–357, 359
negative, 352, 358–360
positive, 352, 358
Mott, Lucretia, 9
Movement
delivery and, 265–267
to reinforce main ideas, 335
Murphy’s Law, 311
Myths, shared, using to persuade,
392–393
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