488 Index
People
as presentation aids, 294–295
speeches about, 321, 323
Pep talks, mental, 24
Personal appearance, 275–276
Personal concerns, as barrier to listening, 69–70
Personal domains, 156
Personal knowledge and experience, supporting
material from, 154–155
Personal references, in introductions, 223
Personification, 245
Persuasion. See also Motivation; Persuasive
speeches
Arisotle’s traditional approach to, 348–349, 351
definition of, 345
direct and indirect routs of, 350
elaboration likelihood model of, 349–350
Persuasive speeches, 34, 35, 140, 343–370,
371–411. See also Motivation
Aristotle’s traditional approach to, 348–349
audience considerations for, 360–362
central idea and main ideas for, 363–367
combined approach to, 351
credibility and, 372–375
delivering, 368
elaboration likelihood model and, 349–350
emotion and, 389–394
goals of, 345–348
neutral audiences and, 396
organizing, 367–368, 398–408
purpose for, 363
reasoning and, 376–388
receptive audiences and, 394–395
rehearsing, 368
sample, 400–402
supporting material for, 367, 382–385
topic selection and narrowing for, 362
unreceptive audiences and, 396–397
Phillips, Terry, 53
Photographs, as presentation aids, 295–296
Physiological needs, 356–357
Physiological noise, 6
Picture graphs, 297, 299
Pie graphs, 297, 298
Pitch, 272–273
Plagiarism, avoiding, 58–61
Platform conversation, 256
Pleasure, emotional responses and, 389–390
Plutarch, 65
Policy, propositions of, 364, 366–367
Politics, in audience analysis, 109
Pontin, Jason, 50Online databases, supporting material from,
158–159
Open-ended questions, 100, 101
Operational definitions, 168
Opinions
as evidence, 383–384
as supporting material, 173–176
Oral citations, 60
Oral language style, 237–238
Organization, 22, 38–42
cause-and-effect, 188–189
chronological, 186–187
cultural differences in, 191
divisions for, 38. See also Body of speech;
Conclusions (of speeches); Introductions
(of speeches)
for effect, 322
for informative speeches, 338
by listeners, presentation aids to enhance,
291–292
of main ideas, 183–191
outlining for. See Outlines; Preparation
outlines
of persuasive speeches, 367–368,
398–408
presentation aids for, 40–41
problem-solution, 189–190
rehearsing, 41–42
signposts for, 194–198
spatial, 187–188
topical, 184–186
Organizational domains, 156
Orwell, George, 240
Osgood, Charles, 162
Outlines, 38–40. See also Preparation
outlines
evaluating speech using, 202
sample, 203–205
Oz, Dr., 137P
Pacing, information flow, 334
Panel discussions, 416
Parade rest posture, 264
Parallelism, 248, 250
Parnell, Charles, 199
Patchwriting, 58
Pathos, 349
Patriot Act, 53
Pauses, 273
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 153
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