Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2nd ed

200 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 10 (a) Sand dunes in Namibia. Namib-Naukluft National Park is an ecological preserve ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 201 FIGURE 11 (a) Ray paths of the compressional waves (P) in the mantle, including thei ...

202 Encyclopedia of the Solar System Rayliegh Rayliegh SS SSSS5 SKS SKKS Love Sdiff Pdiff Radial Transverse PKKP SP Vertical PP ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 203 FIGURE 15 Mantle waves observed on multiple orbits around the Earth. The symbol “R” ...

204 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 17 Three classical types of earthquakes (top) and the distribution of the signs of t ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 205 FIGURE 19 Source mechanisms of approximately 4,000 earthquakes from 1993 to 1997 obt ...

206 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 20 The preliminary Earth model (PREM) of Dziewonski and Anderson (1981) describing t ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 207 6.2 Upper Mantle: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere (25–400 km Depth) The boundary betwe ...

208 Encyclopedia of the Solar System and ocean island basalts—are used as strong arguments in favor of the layered convection. N ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 209 and the inner core began to grow. The release of the gravita- tional energy associat ...

210 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 22 Maps of lateral variations of S velocities at four depths in a shear velocity mod ...

Earth as a Planet: Surface and Interior 211 FIGURE 24 Shear velocity anomalies just above and below the boundary between the upp ...

212 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 8. Earth as a Rosetta Stone The Earth is unique among its partners in our solar system in t ...

100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K50-40-40 ...

214 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 1 Triptych illustrating the coupled Sun–Earth system, showing from left to right an ...

The Sun–Earth Connection 215 FIGURE 2 Flow diagram illustrating the connections in and complexity of the coupled Sun–Earth syste ...

216 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 4 Atmospheric depths affected by various wavelengths in the solar spectrum. (Courtes ...

The Sun–Earth Connection 217 FIGURE 6 Solar wind velocities at solar minimum and maximum as measured on theUlyssesspacecraft whi ...

218 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 7 Illustration of the interplanetary effects of a CME. The CME produces an ejection ...

The Sun–Earth Connection 219 FIGURE 8 (a) Illustration of the blunt body shape of the magnetosphere, showing some gossamer “shel ...