Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2nd ed

140 Encyclopedia of the Solar System (a) (b) FIGURE 1 Ultraviolet images of Venus’ clouds as seen from Pioneer Venus Orbiteron F ...

Venus: Atmosphere 141 actually penetrated the upper atmosphere once per orbit, and took advantage of this by carrying a suite of ...

142 Encyclopedia of the Solar System There is, of course, plenty of oxygen in carbon dioxide, and dissociation by sunlight liber ...

Venus: Atmosphere 143 FIGURE 4 Near-infrared spectrum in the 2.3-μm window (bottom); the spectrum above it was calculated by mak ...

144 Encyclopedia of the Solar System strongly affected by the opacity of water vapor. The four Pioneer Venusprobes carried infra ...

Venus: Atmosphere 145 to the night side and help to maintain a weak ionosphere there. Venus lacks any detectable magnetic field, ...

146 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 8 Cloud profiles obtained by the particle size spectrometer onPioneer Venus Large Pr ...

Venus: Atmosphere 147 and a third population (“Mode 3”), greater than 6μmin diameter, is also found. The existence of distinct m ...

148 Encyclopedia of the Solar System a “primitive solar nebula.” The presumed composition of the nebula was that of the Sun, mos ...

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150 Encyclopedia of the Solar System Plate tectonics creates a bimodal topography distribution on Earth, with high continents an ...

Venus: Surface and Interior 151 2. General Characteristics 2.1 Orbital Rotations and Motions Venus orbits the Sun in a nearly ci ...

152 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 2 Histogram of the elevation in 0.5 km bins for Earth and Venus, normalized by area. ...

Venus: Surface and Interior 153 FIGURE 3 These photographs of the surface of Venus were obtained by the SovietVenera 13 spacecra ...

154 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 4 This radar image (approximately 125×140 km in size) shows an impact splotch with a ...

Venus: Surface and Interior 155 Generally speaking, the larger a planet, the longer it will continue to lose energy and be geolo ...

156 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 6 Four views of Venus, with centers at 0◦,90◦, 180◦, and 270◦E. Topography is in col ...

Venus: Surface and Interior 157 FIGURE 7 Radar image of W. Eistla Regio centered at 22◦N, 354.5◦E with dimensions of approximate ...

158 Encyclopedia of the Solar System In contrast, Mars, Mercury, and the Moon have surfaces that preserve the large impact basin ...

Venus: Surface and Interior 159 Variations in elemental abundance do suggest that some real differences exist. The bulk composit ...