Index 965
Pioneer Venus Multiprobemission,
139, 140
Pioneer Venus Orbitermission,
140–141
VEGAspacecraft mission, 660
Veneraspacecraft mission, 139–140,
141, 147
Venus, surface and interior
composition
global implications, 158–159
surface weathering, 159
impact craters/resurfacing history,
152–154, 816
interior processes, 154–158
tectonics, 161–167
chasmata/fracture belts, 164
coronae, 164
plains fractures, grids, polygons,
167
ridge belts/wrinkle ridges, 164,
166–167
tessera/crustal plains, 163
temperature uniformity, 143
volcanism, 159–161
Veritas family dust bands, 687
Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope,
696
Very Large Telescope (VLT), 564, 724
very large telescopes (VLT)
advances
adaptive optics, 729
detector array, 727–729
construction advances, 722, 724,
726–727
altitude-azimuth mounts, 722
computer-controlled hardware, 722
cost reductions, 722, 724
dome seeing reduction, 722
mirrors, 722
mount variations, 724
European Southern Observatory 8-m,
731
Gemini South 8-m, 725
Hale 5.1-m, 724
Hobby-Eberly, 724
Large Binocular Telescope, 725, 727
Large Zenith Telescope, 726
proposals
Giant Magellan Telescope, 727
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope,
732
Thirty-Meter Telescope, 726
South African Very Large Telescope,
724
Very Large Telescope, 564, 724
very low frequency (VLF) emissions
Jupiter, 714–715
Saturn, 715
Vesta asteroid, 64
Vikingmissions
to Mars, 316, 327, 331, 337, 882
Gas Exchange experiment,
859–860
Labeled Release experiment, 860
Pyrolytic Release experiment, 859
VLT.Seevery large telescopes
Vogel, Hermann, 61
volatile inventories, of terrestrial planets,
185
volatile reservoirs, Mars, nonthermal
escape, 305
volatiles
Mars, 302–306
volcanic eruptions
classifications, 837
Earth
lavas, vent systems, 829–830
silica, magmas, 829, 830
effusive, 837–839
explosive
basic considerations, 839
Hawaiian activity, 842–844
Phreato-Magmatic activity, 845–846
Plinian activity, 844–845
pyroclast dispersal (into vacuum),
846
Strombolian activity, 839–841
Vulcanian activity, 841–842
Io
intrapatera (Lokian), 427
superheating, 426, 428
lava flows, 837–839
Plinian clouds, 831
subduction zones, 830–831
Volcanic features
asteroids, differentiated, 836–837
Earth, 829–831
Icy satellites, 836
Io, 419–430, 835–836
eruption clouds, 835
lava flows, 835
paterae/flucti/tholi, 423
pyroclastic materials, 423
sulfur allotrope deposits, 424
Mars, 832–833
crust, ancient, 832
shield volcanoes, 833
Mercury, 834–835
Moon, 240, 831–832
lava flow units, 831
pyroclastic deposits, 832
sinuous rilles, 832
Venus, 159–161, 833–834
fluctus (flood) flows, 833
plains forming lava flows, 833
summit calderas, 834
volcanoes
Ganymede/Callisto, Jupiter, 461–464Io
Balder, 424
Emakong Patera, 424
Ra Patera, 424
Mars surface/interior, 319, 321–322
Tarso Voon Volcano, Chad, 199
Voyagermissions
Jupiter mission, 25%504, 451, 885
Io, volcanoes, 422
ring structure mosaic, 507
X-ray emissions, 643
ring observations
Saturn, 504
Uranus, 508
satellite discoveries, 366, 369
Triton encounter, 487
Vulcan, 19th century studies, 61
Vulcanian volcanic eruption, 837Waldmeier, Max, 80
water
and ecology of life, 851
erosion/deposition, Mars
branching valley networks, 324
gullies, 325
outflow channels, 324–325
and microorganisms, 852
possibility, Mars, 301, 861, 862
water equivalent hydrogen (WEH)
discovery, high/low altitudes, 782
global map, 784
water-vapor feedbacks, Earth, 183
weather
Earth
fronts, 175
patterns, 169, 182
troposphere, storms, 172
unpredictability, 170, 178
global patterns, 174
Jupiter, 178
web sites
NASA, satellites, 365
Near Earth Object Program, 290
Weizsäcker, Carl von, 65, 70, 74
Well’s comet, 64
Wetherill, George, 287
Whipple, Fred, 70, 289
Whipple model, nuclei of comets, 561
Whitman meteorites, 259
Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, 401
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
(WISE), 690
Wiechert, Emil, 67
Wild 2 comet, 288
nucleus image, 559
orbital history, 565
Stardustspacecraft flyby, 558, 564, 884
Wildt, Rupert, 68
Wilhelms, Don, 234