A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present
Index A-63
missionaries to, 41
population of, 1 124
in Seven Years’ War, 399-400
textile manufacturing in, 419
trade with, 24, 36, 47, 73, 372, 388, 389
Versailles Treaty and, 972
workers from, 853
India Act (Great Britain; 1784), 418
Indians, see American Indians
individualism, 687
Indochina, 729, 829, 839, 851, 871, 976
Indonesia, 835, 846, 855, 1163
indulgences, sales of, 80, 81, 90, 93, 94, 116
Industrial Revolution, 283, 350, 385, 419,
434, 512, 513-68, 525, 532
beginnings of, 360-75
human costs of, 513-14
impact of, 547-53
migration and, 551-53
preconditions for, 514-23
reaction against, 561
socialism and, 563
in Southern and Eastern Europe, 531-32
variety of national experiences of, 524-32
Industrial Revolution, Second, 645, 744-48,
750, 752, 783
artists’ responses to, 809-10
chemical revolution in, 747-48
cities of, 758-59, 766-71
communications in, 755
consumerism in, 743, 778-81
culture change in, 773-78
electric revolution in, 746-47, 753
improving standards of living in, 760-61
leisure in, 778-79
regional variation in, 748-53
social changes in, 758-73
social mobility in, 771-73
social theorists’ analyses of, 804-7
transportation in, 753-55
industry, see manufacturing
Inferno (Dante), 289, 289
inflation, 30, 201, 214, 965-66, 965, 971,
985, 1006, 1119, 1121, 1146, 1232
inheritance, 496, 534
Innocent XI, pope, 264
In Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 84
Inquisition, 287, 298, 323, 339
in Portugal, 339
Spanish, 111, 173, 208, 212, 339, 503
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin),
109
insurance programs, for workers, 784-86, 982
see also welfare state
International Congresses on Women’s Rights
and Feminine Institutions (1889), 797
International Criminal Tribunal (Hague Tri
bunal), 1213
international law, origins of, 261-62
International Monetary Fund, 1216
International Women’s Suffrage Alliance,
798
International Working-Class Alliance (Black
International), 793
Internet, 1143, 1217
In the Salon at the Rue des Moulins
(Toulouse-Lautrec), 765
“Intolerable Acts” (Great Britain; 1774), 416
IRA, see Irish Republican Army
Iran, 1236
Iraq, 967, 968, 974, 1165, 1236-37, 1239,
1239
Ireland, 166, 607
agriculture in, 699—700
Black and Tans in, 975, 976
Catholic Church in, 699
English control of, 179, 180-81, 186-87,
216, 222-23, 390
in European organizations, 1226, 1227,
1230
Home Rule and independence sought by,
699-700, 701, 702, 704, 886, 912,
966, 974-75, 1187-88
Industrial Revolution in, 513
land ownership in, 222, 390, 699-700
migration from, 551-52, 688, 762, 762
nationalism in, 704
peasants in, 700
police in, 975, 976
population growth in, 516
post-World War II economic conditions in,
1123
potato famine in, 516, 61 1 -12, 611, 614
religious reforms in, 607
restrictions on Catholics in, 390
Versailles Treaty and, 972
in World War II, 1063
Ireland, Northern, religious conflict in,
1106, 1187-88, 1187
Irish Confederation, 642
Irish Land Act (Great Britain; 1870), 699
Irish lyand League, 700
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 975, 1187-88,
1233
Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians), 700
Iron Guard (Romania), 1016, 1067
iron production, 369, 372, 375, 393, 526,
527, 528, 529, 532
Isabella, queen of Castile, 18, 35, 172-73,
172, 175, 179, 180
Isabella II, queen of Spain, 604, 730
Isabella of Portugal, 172
