A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

A-78 Index

Ottoman Empire (continued)

Holy Roman Empire’s wars with, 147,

263-65

Hungarian alliance with, 263-65

imperialism and, 857

Napoleonic Wars and, 486, 489, 504

nationalism in, 875-78

Papal wars against, 80, 91, 178

peasants in, 425-27

reforms in, 690

religious freedom in, 690

Russian conflicts with, 272, 276, 427,

689-91

in Russo-Turkish War, 868

Spanish wars with, 178, 178

taxes in, 425

as theocracy, 250

in World War 1, 896, 900, 902, 903, 909,

919,922

see also Turkey, Turks

Owen, Robert, 535, 565

Owen, Wilfred, 923

Oxford University, 24, 190, 326-27, 775,

780, 851,988

Pacifico, Don, 693

Pact of Steel (1939), 1056

Padua, University of, 296, 308, 308, 310

Paganini, Niccolo, 585

Paine, Thomas, 417, 458

painting:

abstract, 817

baroque, 123, 241, 330

cubist, 817

Dutch, 237-39, 241

in eighteenth century, 329-31

expressionist, 813, 990-91

fauvist, 816

French, 251-52, 799-800, 802-4

futurist, 817

impressionist, 802-4

in inter-war period, 990-91

Italian, 817

in Italian Renaissance, 60-61, 65-72

in late nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries, 813-17

in mid-nineteenth century, 799-800

modernist, 816-17

monumentalism in, 251-52

in Northern Renaissance, 82-83

perspective in, 68-69

pointillist, 813

post-impressionist, 813—14

realist, 82-83, 799-800, 802

romantic, 583

Spanish, 205

Paisley, lan, 1187, 1188

Pakistan, 1149, 1162-63, 1234

Palacky, FrantiSek, 632

Palatinate, 148, 149, 151, 152

Palatinate, Lower, 146, 150, 158

Palatinate, Upper, 146, 150, 152, 158, 210

Paleologue, Maurice, 883

Palestine, 904, 919, 967, 973, 974, 1106, 1163

Palestine Liberation Organization, 1235

Palestinians, 1106, 1145, 1164, 1234, 1235

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Lord, 664,693-94

Panama, 37

Panama Canal, 872

Pan-German League, 672, 858, 872

Panhellenism, 423

Pankhurst, Emmeline, 798

Pan-Slav Congress (1848), 632-33

Pan-Slavism, 632-33, 681, 681, 711, 864,

866

Paoli, Pascale di, 480, 481

Papal States, 52, 74, 75, 76, 80, 115, 146, 178

1848 unrest in, 624, 625, 636-38

French annexation of, 504

Italian unification and, 650, 653, 655, 657

rebellions against, 603

in Restoration era, 577

in Thirty Years’ War, 154

workers in, 637

Papandreou, Andreas, 1183

Papen, Franz von, 1021-22

Papon, Maurice, 1119

Paraguay, 42, 338

Paris, 6, 24, 528, 540, 541, 549, 550, 550,

551

rebuilding of, 767-69, 769

siege of (1870-1871), 731-32

after World War II, 1142

Paris, count of, 617, 735

Paris, Peace of (1856), 653, 654, 692, 711,

712

Paris, Treaty of (1763), 401, 412

Paris, Treaty of (1814), 508, 571, 575

Paris, University of, 309

in World War I, 896

Paris Commune (1871), 732-34, 733, 736,

791

Paris Commune (French Revolution), 461,

463, 471

Paris Exhibition of 1900, 809

Paris Exposition of 1889, 870

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 959-67

see also Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

Parlement of Paris, 253, 254, 260, 420, 422,

436

in French Revolution, 440, 442