xii Contents
Monarchical Restoration and Napoleon’s Return 508
The Bourbon Restoration • The 100 Days
Napoleon’s Legacy 510ChapterChapter14 The Industrial Revolution 51 3Preconditions for Transformation 514 Demographic
Explosion • The Expanding Agricultural Base • Trains
and Steamboats
A Variety of National Industrial Experiences 524 In
the Vanguard: Britain’s Era of Mechanization •
Industrialization in France • Industrialization in the
German States • Sparse Industrialization in Southern
and Eastern Europe
The Middle Classes 532 Diversity of the Middle
Classes • The Entrepreneurial Ideal and Social
Mobility • Rising Professions
Middle-Class Culture 537 Marriage and Family •
Separate Spheres and the Cult of Domesticity • A
Culture of Comfort • Education • Religion
The Ambiguities of Liberalism: Voluntarism versus
State Intervention 544
Impact of the Industrial Revolution 547 Continuities
on the Land • Urbanization • On the Move
Industrial Work and Workers 553 Gender and
Family in the Industrial Age • Child Labor • The
Laboring Poor • Class Consciousness • Workers’
Associations and Social Protest
The Origins of European Socialism 563 Utopian
Socialists • Practical Socialists • Karl Marx and the
Origins of “Scientific Socialism”
Conclusion 5681 5 Liberal Challenges to Restoration
Europe 569The Post-Napoleonic Settlement 571 The Treaty of
Paris • Diplomatic Maneuvering at the Congress of
Vienna • The Congress System • The Concert of Europe
Restoration Europe 576 The Restoration of
Monarchs} Noblesy and Clergy • Conservative Ideology