Stirrings of Revolt 597

Eugene Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People (1830). Note the female image of

liberty and the presence of the top-hatted bourgeois and the heavily armed street

urchin, neither of whom actually fought in the Revolution.

founding, the Orleanist reign also came to be known and lampooned as “the
bourgeois monarchy.” The portly Louis-Philippe himself contributed to this
image, surrounding himself with dark-suited businessmen and carrying an
umbrella, that symbol of bourgeois preparedness.
The Orleanist monarchy could claim neither the principle of monarchical
legitimacy asserted by the Legitimists (supporters of Charles X’s Bourbon
grandson) or that of popular sovereignty espoused by republicans. Legit­
imists launched several small, failed insurrections in western France. In

Paris, crowds of workers, disappointed by the government’s lack of attention
to their demands, sacked the archbishop’s palace in 1831. Silk workers in
Lyon rose up against their employers and the state in 1831 and 1834. Fol­
lowing an uprising by republicans in Paris, the Chamber of Deputies passed
a law in 1835 severely restricting the right to form associations, and the next
year it passed another law again fettering the press.
Louis-Philippe survived an assassination attempt in 1835; a plot by a
secret organization of revolutionaries, the “Society of the Seasons,” to over­
throw him in 1839; and another attempt to kill him in 1840. Less serious—
for the moment—seemed attempts in 1836 and 1840 by Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew, to invade France with a few loyalists and