A Concise History of the Middle East

146 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES Suleyman "the Lawgiver" or "the Magnificent" (r. 1520-1566) had no living brothers to chal ...

The Ottoman Empire ••• 147 Political Institutions The strength and efficiency that awed the sixteenth-century Europeans were mad ...

148 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES (sipahis), armed with lances or bows and arrows, and the foot soldiers (no¬ tably the jani ...

The Ottoman Empire • 149 most Muslim youth, and performed other religious tasks. Sometimes they also served as a buffer between ...

150 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES living in a particular place. The Capitulations also attracted European traders and techni ...

The Ottoman Empire • 151 the sultan himself or by his authorized deputy, the grand vizier. Under these conditions, the army coul ...

152 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES helps protect the individual citizen from official tyranny. The Ottoman bal¬ ance of power ...

Persia Under the Safavids ••• 153 old grandson of Junayd, Isma'il, who eluded his pursuers during a house- to-house search of Ar ...

154 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES The Safavid Zenith The Safavids' drive to conquer the rest of the Muslim world shifted to ...

Conclusion ••• 155 the Shari'a. Thus, the Shi'i ulama became ever more powerful, especially in modern times. Shah Abbas, trouble ...

156 • 9 FIREARMS, SLAVES, AND EMPIRES production, and promoting economic well-being. As the empire expands, it builds up a large ...

TEN European Interests and Imperialism In the eighteenth century, the West achieved and then maintained military, political, and ...

158 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM the capital of the Habsburg Empire; in 1699 they signed a treaty at Kar- lowitz, ced ...

The European Powers and the Eastern Question ••• 159 (r. 1640-1648), who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in ...

160 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM The Koprulu Family of Viziers F or most of its existence, Ottoman rule mixed a hered ...

The European Powers and the Eastern Question • 161 Reformation, the age of exploration and discovery, the expansion of trade, th ...

162 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM church. When Constantinople fell, Russia became the greatest Greek Or¬ thodox countr ...

The European Powers and the Eastern Question • 163 dictated the peace terms at San Stefano in February 1878. Because all the oth ...

164 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM Habsburg Austria Russia's rivals had positive reasons to get involved in the Ottoman ...

The European Powers and the Eastern Question ••• 165 tures and a major supplier of foodstuffs and raw materials to Britain. The ...