A Concise History of the Middle East

Bibliographie Essay ••• 509

is covered in Ehud R. Toledano, State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century
Egypt (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). A new and well-written
book on the Suez Canal is Zachary Karabell's Parting the Desert: The Creation of
the Suez Canal (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003). On the Web, for Mehmet Ali,
try http://i-cias.com/e.o/muhammad_ali.htm and for the Suez Canal, http://www
.touregypt.net/suezcanal.htm.
Your study of Ottoman westernization should start with Bernard Lewis, The
Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3rd ed. (London and New York: Oxford University
Press, 2002); and Erik Jan Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History (London: I. B. Tauris,
1993; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994). On Selim III, read Stanford J. Shaw, Be¬
tween Old and New (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1971). On the
Tanzimat era, see Roderic H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963; reprinted 1972); Carter V. Findley,
Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), and Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A
Social History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); and Serif A. Mardin,
The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1962). Also useful is Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Mon¬
treal: McGill University Press, 1964). Leila Fawaz, An Occasion for War: Civil Con¬
flict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1994), tells of an instance where westernizing reforms led to dismal consequences.
For the Tanzimat, on the Web see http://i-cias.eom/e.o/tanzimat.htm.
On nineteenth-century Persia, read Abbas Amanat, Pivot of the Universe: Nasir
al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1997); Ann K. S. Lambton, History of Qajar Persia (London: I. B. Tauris,
1987); Guity Nashat, The Origins of Modern Reform in Iran (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 1981); and A. Reza Sheikholeslami, Structure of Central Authority
in Qajar Iran, 1871-1896 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997). Online sources on the
Qajars can be found at http://www.iranchamber.com/history/qajar/qajar.php and
http://www.qajarpages.org/.
Two source collections useful for this and later chapters are Robert G. Landen,
ed., The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (Cincinnati: Van Nostrand Rein-
hold, 1970); and George Lenczowski, ed., The Political Awakening of the Middle
East (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970).

CHAPTER 12

The rise of Egyptian nationalism during the heyday of British imperialism is cov¬

ered in Peter Mansfield, The British in Egypt (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,

1972); Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid [Marsot], Egypt and Cromer: A Study in Anglo-Egyptian

Relations (London: John Murray, 1968; New York: Praeger, 1969); and Robert

Tignor, Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914 (Princeton: