A Concise History of the Middle East

Index • 535

bitterness of, 203

Britain and, 214

culture of, 24

definition of, 203-204

divisions among, 10,296-297

Egypt and, 259

Great Powers and, 312-325

horses of, 55

Jews and, 269-270

nationalism of, 10,185,187,198,

203-209,212,214, 218, 264,270,

271,273,280,281,290,296,298,

300,302-306, 308,310, 312, 314,

316-320, 322,324, 326, 331,332,

340, 357, 359 360,399
under Ottoman Empire, 204-205
poetry of, 24
socialism of, 320,321
staple diet of, 23
tribes/clans of, 23-24
virtues of, 24,41,62,108
Young Turks and, 208-209
Arafat
Mount, 26
plain of, 48
Arafat, Yasir, 36, 323, 337, 342, 355, 361,
363,377, 387, 393, 395,408,411,
412,414,415,416,433,439,440,443
Aral Sea, 74,97
Aramaic, 58, 73, 82,95,120
Arameans, 23, 56, 59
Architecture, 1,21,24,135,199
Ardabil, 152
Arians, 19
Arif, Abd al-Salam, 319, 322, 340
Aristotle, 119,120
Arkam, 32
Armenia/Armenians, 97,99
deportation of, 224
nationalism in, 186,225, 229
Republic of, 225, 228

Art, 1,2,21,122-123,130,153

al-Asad,Bashar,414,424
al-Asad, Hafiz, 348,360,414,424
al-Ash'ari, 124
Ashkenazim, 10

Assassinations, 59, 61,63, 65,155,164,196,

197,257,258, 265,286, 291,299,

318, 339, 358, 361, 385, 387,409,

425,429,430,435,441

Assassins, 61,63, 89,100,102,103, 393

Assyrians, 23, 302

Astrology, 121

Aswan Dam, 306

Ata Malik Juvaini, 136

Ataturk. See Kemal, Mustafa

Atrocities/massacres. See Terrorism

Attabi, 5

Auja, 295

Auspicious Event, 176

Austria-Hungary. See Habsburg Austria

Averroës. See Ibn Rushd

Avicenna. See Ibn Sina

Awn, Michel, 408,409

Awqaf, 48, 281

Ayn al-Dowleh, 200

Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 103, 130

Ayyubid dynasty, 101,130

Azerbaijan, 81, 97,102,103,144,152,183

al-Azhar,91, 187,190

Aziz, Tariq, 405

Ba'albek, 18

Bab, the, 181

Babak,81

Babur, 137

Backgammon, 5

Badr (imam of Yemen), 321, 322

Badr (oasis), 37,40

Baghdad, 62, 71, 82, 85, 88,97,102

development of, 78

Baghdad Pact, 303, 305, 314, 315, 372

Baha'i faith, 181

Baha'ullah, 181

Bahrain, 89, 223

basic statistics for, 530t

Baker, James, 410

Bakhshish, 148

Bakhtiar, Shapur, 376

Balance of power, in Europe, 163

Balfour Declaration, 216, 277, 278,279,

285,335