The Russian Empire 1450–1801

conscription among the Buriats. While Russia continued to apply a politics of difference model here, leaving most native institu ...

Perm Salikamsk Verkhotur’e Ekaterinburg Gur’ev Tiumen Cheliabinsk laik (Ural’sk) Orenburg Ufa Kungur Troitsk Orsk Tobolsk Ta r a ...

where the wooded steppe transitioned into steppe. Through thefirst half of the century Russians and Middle Volga peoples had pus ...

eighteenth century. In the Middle Volga most wereiasakpayers—the Chuvash, Cheremis/Mari, and Votiaks/Udmurty in the forest, and ...

The Russian approach in Bashkiria was similar to that in the Middle Volga; the goal was to displace the native landed elite and ...

children were killed, sent to hard labor, or enrolled in infantry service around the empire. This is estimated at 12–14 percent ...

Middle Volga peoples, poorer Bashkirs and others were not turned into state peasants (with poll tax and recruitment); they paidi ...

Bashkirs, 94,000 East Slavic peasants, 60,000 nobles, 10,000 retired soldiers, and 49,000 Cossack troops. Thus the Bashkirs clun ...

retained their nomadic life style and status asiasakpeople well into the nineteenth century. Russia was less able to subdue the ...

protecting Russian settlers, fortifying the border against runawaysfleeing the empire. Robust communities of Cossacks existed on ...

peopleflocked to this fertile farmland: Orthodox Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians), foreign prisoners of war (Lithuanians and Swedes) ...

Already in the sixteenth century the steppe above and the valleys of the Terek and Kuban Rivers were the domain of Cossacks who ...

Although Russia’s expansion into the Caucasus was aimed at its pivotal econom- ic location, the area posed a persistent ethical ...

urban community, Astrakhan enjoyed populations of Armenian, Tatar, and Indian international traders, each group with its own rig ...

1721 Russia put the Host under the administration of the Military College and created a Chancery of Elders to improve communicat ...

Russia’s imperial expansion eastward and into the steppe required“middle ground”intermediaries to accomplish the task of control ...

Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank, and Peter B. Golden, eds.,The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age(Cambridge: Ca ...

5 Western Borderlands in the Eighteenth Century The eighteenth century witnessed breath-taking expansion westward and south to t ...

SWEDEN DENMARK PRUSSIA, GERMAN STATES ARKHANGELSK OLONETS VOLOGDA NOVGOROD TVER SMOLENSK PT.S ETE BSR GRU PSKOV St. Petersburg M ...

Hetmanate, the Cossack officer elite (starshyna) dominated the farming, livestock, and trading economy; social tensions arose be ...