On sixteenth-century criminal law and tax reforms, see Robert O. Crummey,“Reform
under Ivan IV: Gradualism and Terror,”in Crummey, ed.,Reform in Russia and the
U.S.S.R.(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 12–27; Sergei Bogatyrev,
“Localism and Integration in Muscovy,”in Bogatyrev, ed.,Russia Takes Shape: Patterns of
Integration from the Middle Ages to the Present(Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica,
2004), 59–127; N. S. Kollmann,“Frugal Empire: Sources of Russian State Power,”in
Paul Bushkovitch, ed.,Rethinking Russian History(forthcoming). On“noble officials”in
the seventeenth century: Robert O. Crummey,Aristocrats and Servitors. The Boyar Elite in
Russia, 1613– 1689 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).186 The Russian Empire 1450– 1801