Arabia 32, 458
Aral Sea 46, 195
architecture 10–11, 43, 73, 107, 110–11,
141 – 7, 157, 158, 204, 228, 251,
253, 272, 274–6, 282, 284–92,
295, 322, 387–91, 436, 454–7,
462
Arctic Sea, the 1, 23, 25, 27, 53, 60, 63,
231, 338
Aristotelianism 155, 253
Arkhangelsk 25, 53, 180, 182, 189–94, 197–8,
202, 204, 241, 323, 339, 342, 357
Arkhangelskoe 388
Armenians 34, 66, 97–9, 115, 192–4, 197, 202,
205, 292, 331, 385, 391, 397
New Julfa 193–4, 197
Arndt, Johann 413
art 10–11, 107, 110–11, 131–3, 144–5, 156–7,
231, 253, 267–74, 276–8, 280,
282 – 5, 316, 384, 391, 418, 440–3,
450;see alsoicons and frescos
artisans 123, 176, 202, 236–40, 288, 290, 299,
364, 380–1, 386, 388
Arzamas 367, 371
Asia 26, 36, 44, 187–9, 323;see alsoFar East,
the CentralseeCentral Asia
people of/from 391
and Russia vii, 5
South 5
Southeast 5, 187
“Asiatic despotism” 5
assassinations 155
“assemblies” 436
Astrakhan 13, 28, 35, 46, 48, 55–7, 71, 93, 95,
98 – 9, 164–5, 170, 193–5, 198–9,
202 – 3, 218, 235, 323, 331, 346,
371, 377, 383, 403, 434, 456
atamans(hetmen) 59, 99–100, 110
atheism 399
auls 66
Austria 14–17, 121, 137, 290, 404, 456
autarchy 10
authority 4, 35, 69, 248, 271, 276, 280, 305,
318, 349, 386, 404
administrative 65
claims of 5, 37, 139
consolidation of 200
spiritual 260–1, 400, 424
autocephaly 48
autocracy 1–2, 11, 35, 118, 150–1, 267, 269,
283, 292–3, 443, 446, 459–60;
see alsodespotismandpower
autonomy 72, 75, 77–9, 95, 98–101, 107,
110, 113, 169, 336, 381–2;see also
self-government
of CossacksseeCossacks, autonomy of
erosion/undermining of 91, 94, 103, 106,
111, 119
local 56, 109, 387, 394
Avvakum 255, 257, 262, 418, 426;see also
Old Belief
Azov 167, 192, 296, 324, 327, 329, 335,
342, 346
Azov campaign 29, 337, 342
Azov Sea 14, 16, 25, 34, 46, 71, 84, 97,
115, 163
Babur 35
Baghdad 32, 141
Baikal, Lake 62–5, 85, 196, 287, 401
Bakhchisarai 292, 383, 401
Bakhchisarai, Treaty of 14, 72
Baku 16, 84
Balkans, the 30, 34, 42, 458
Baltic German Junkers 4, 311–12, 355, 359,
384, 459
Baltic region 12, 14–16, 48, 52–3, 74, 84, 103,
116 – 20, 126, 182, 313, 320, 331,
339, 346, 359, 364, 369, 378, 383,
403 – 4, 452, 457, 459
Kontora for Livland, Finland and Estland
Affairs 118
Landrats117, 119
Landtag 117
Baltic Sea 3, 11, 25–6, 34, 42–3, 45, 49–50, 57,
103, 191, 202, 323, 324
ports 5, 36, 38, 73, 182, 188, 190–1,
299, 384
trade 47–8, 124, 198, 322
Bandido Khambo Lama 401;see alsoBuddhism
andBuddhists
bandits/banditry 58– 9
Baranovych, Lazar 410
Blagodat’i istina 268
Barkey, Karen viii, 2–4, 129–30, 160
Baron, Samuel 240
Barrett, Thomas 58, 97
barshchina361, 366
Bashkir uprisings 90–1, 105, 370–1, 398– 9
Bashkiria 16, 82, 88–91, 93, 106, 130, 162–3,
167, 169, 310, 330, 338, 369,
398 – 9
Bashkirs 13, 58–60, 69–71, 81, 88–94, 105,
125, 195, 231, 290, 299, 307, 309,
335, 359, 370–1, 398
Batashevs, the 320
Baturyn 78
Beauplan, Guillaume de 179
Beccaria, Cesare 352
Beijing 62, 88, 141, 195, 242, 324, 337
Bekbulatovich, Semeon 153, 430
Belarus 9, 14, 17, 25, 30–1, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45,
72 – 3, 78, 84, 169, 297, 310, 313,
332, 359, 369, 422–3, 452
Belarus’ans vii, 42, 46, 49, 80, 110, 121, 225,
244, 253, 358, 412, 421–2, 424
Belgium 30
Belgorod 67–8, 163, 165, 167, 170, 177, 180464 Index