Chesme, naval battle of 17, 276, 298, 452
children 227, 319, 364, 381–2, 395, 419,
431 – 2
China 2, 12, 21, 25–6, 32–4, 84, 89, 141,
176 – 7, 187, 192, 195, 197–9,
323, 337, 339, 344, 347, 397–8,
401, 457
dynasties of
Han 35
Ming 30, 35, 155
Qing viii, 3, 35–7, 62, 88, 178
Yuan 30
empire of 2–3, 8, 155, 179, 188
Manchu 35, 63, 178, 337
military of 37
population of 30– 2
and Russia 35–6, 62, 85–6, 178, 196,
240, 324
“Three Teachings” 36
Chinggis 2, 46
Chinggisids, the vii, 2, 34–5, 37, 46, 56–7, 114,
129 – 30, 137, 153, 211, 231, 397
chinovniki 303
Chronicle of the Beginning of Tsardom 136
Chukchi 64, 89
Church Councils, Russian Orthodox 244,
254 – 8
Stoglav (1551) 136, 254, 418
of 1640 422
of 1667 257
of 1675 255
of 1681/2 248
Church Unions, Catholic-Orthodox 12, 15, 37,
48, 421–2;see alsoBrest Unionand
Florence-Ferrara Union
Chuvash peoples 56, 67, 69, 71, 89, 91, 231,
309, 359, 362, 371, 399, 452, 454
Circassia 66, 97
Circassians 57
civil service 4, 119, 125, 172, 177, 212, 216,
296, 302, 304, 306, 313–14, 317,
376, 427–9, 431, 433, 460;see also
bureaucracy
Clavuccio, Horatio 140
climate 21–3, 25–8, 39, 160–1, 181, 339, 342
Coach Chancery 340;see alsocommunication,
coach and mail service
coercion 3, 5, 161, 164, 168, 172, 460
cohesion 4, 89, 160, 164, 232, 394, 407,
416 – 17, 427, 430–2, 435, 457;
see alsosociety, cohesion of
Cohn, Norman 406
Cold War, the 5, 155
College of Commerce 310, 380
College of the Economy 329, 362
College of Foreign Affairs 95, 107, 310
College of Justice for Livland, Finland and
Estland Affairs 118, 403– 4
College of Manufacturing 318–19, 380
College of the Navy 310, 377
College of War 95, 97, 310
Colleges 301, 303–6, 310, 312, 317, 429
Columbus, Christopher 450
Commercial Bank 325
Commission for Conversion 398– 9
Commission for Masonry Construction 390– 1
Commission on Urban Planning 391
“common good”, the 37, 428, 458
communalism 227–9, 238–40, 301, 363,
368, 459
communication 137, 160–1, 182, 261, 340,
342, 352, 393–4, 445
coach and mail service 217, 339–41, 352
improvements in 3, 37, 352, 460
lack of 6
means of 60, 174– 6
networks of 2, 172, 179, 181–3, 339–42, 369
communities 4, 23, 36, 63, 65–6, 80, 88, 92,
109 – 10, 125, 138–9, 162, 164,
168, 175–6, 180–2, 199, 216–17,
224 – 5, 227, 229, 260, 293, 300,
304, 306, 309, 313, 319, 330, 351,
360, 363, 384, 396, 403, 406–7,
414, 416, 418–20, 458– 9
Cossack 59–60, 65, 95;see alsoCossacks
Jewish 123, 125, 404–5;see alsoJews
Muslim 400;see alsoMuslims
running of 232– 3
things affecting 170, 204, 230,
344, 398
urban 99, 229;see alsourban areas
confessionalization 396–7, 401, 403, 406–8,
412;see alsoRussian Orthodoxyand
Old BeliefandUkrainian Orthodox
ChurchandUniate (Greek
Catholic) Church
Confino, Michael 446
Confucianism 2, 36
conquest 3, 5
control 3–6, 10, 51, 96, 100–1, 103, 107, 162,
167, 172–3, 177, 202, 230, 305,
310, 313, 335, 352, 370, 403, 424,
457, 459–60;see alsoauthorityand
governanceandpowerand under
state, the
Constantinople 31–2, 42, 48, 78, 130, 141,
245, 247, 256, 341, 345, 405, 421;
see alsoIstanbul
Cooper, Frederick 2
co-optation 3, 35, 92, 101, 207
Copenhagen 457
Copernicus, Nicholas 411
“copper riots”69, 218
Corps of Hydrologic Engineering 342
corruption 70, 173, 176, 229, 248, 255, 262,
277, 305, 326, 349–50, 379,
443, 446
Corsicans 116Index 467