Human Physiology ❮ 197
❯ Rapid Review
The following terms are important in this chapter:
Circulatory system:blood flow—left side of heart →aorta→via arteries to organs, muscles →
into the venous system of the body (vena cava) →right side of heart →lungs (pick up O 2 and
release CO2) →left side of heart.
Respiratory pathway:nose/mouth→pharynx→larynx→trachea→bronchi→bronchi-
oles→alveoli (functional unit of the lungs; this is where gas exchange occurs).
Digestive system:digestion begins in mouth, continues in the stomach, and completes in the
intestines.
- Amylase:enzyme that breaks down starches in the diet (mouth and small intestine).
- Pepsin:main digestive enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins.
- Lipase:major fat digesting enzyme of the body (small intestine).
- Trypsinandchymotrypsin:major protein digesting endopeptidases of the small intestine.
- Bile:contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salts(major emulsifier of fat).
- Maltase, lactase,andsucrase:carbohydrate digesting enzymes of the small intestines.
- Most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine.
- Function of the large intestine is to reabsorb water and to pack the indigestible food into
feces.
Excretory system:kidneys lie on the posterior wall of the abdomen. Kidney is divided into
the cortex and the medulla.The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.The medulla
is divided into renal pyramids, which dump the urine produced into the minor and major
calyces→renal pelvis →bladder via the ureter →out of the body via the urethra.
- Most of what is filtered out of the glomerulus is reabsorbed—nearly all the sugar, vita-
mins, water, and nutrients. If sugar appears in urine, it is because there is too much in
the blood (diabetes).
- Two important hormones of the excretory system are ADH(controls water absorption)
andaldosterone(controls sodium reabsorption).
11. C
- E—Plasma cells are designed to produce anti-
bodies that combat a particular antigen. They
are a great example of specificimmunity. All
the other answer choices are examples of non-
specific immunity.
- B—The filtrate in the glomerulus contains almost
everything that is in the blood plasma except for
large proteins, which are unable to fit through
the pores. Glucose does pass into the filtrate but
is usually reabsorbed if present in normal con-
centrations in the blood. Sodium and potassium
are always present in the filtrate. Urea is one of
the major waste products that the excretory system
is attempting to eliminate, so it is definitely present
in the filtrate.
- C—ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D—A sympathetic response is one that comes in
a time of fight or flight. It is designed to get you
ready for action. All the other choices are things
that rev you up, whereas waking from a nap as
sunlight strikes your face is a rather passive and
tranquil experience that doesn’t usually make
you want to flee the scene or fight a great battle.
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