5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2014-2015 Edition

relieve pain, and induce sleep. Their chemical properties are very similar to the endor- phins that our brains produce. Opiates ...

“Humans developed a unique waking-sleep cycle that maximized our chances of survival,” is a statement most typical of (A) devel ...

 Answers and Explanations B—Memories that can easily be brought into consciousness are in the preconscious level of consciousn ...

Hypothalamuscontrols your biological clock, regulating changes in blood pressure, body temperature, pulse, blood sugar levels, h ...

Meditation—set of techniques used to focus concentration away from thoughts and feelings in order to create calmness, tranquilit ...

 113 Learning IN THIS CHAPTER Summary:Did you have to learn how to yawn? Learningis a relatively permanent change in behavior a ...

Social learning Biological factors in learning Preparedness evolves Instinctive drift Classical Conditioning In classical co ...

before the UCS appears. Simultaneous conditioningoccurs when the UCS and NS are paired together at the same time. In backward co ...

pairing of the UCS and CS. This phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. If Baby Albert had stopped crying whenever the rat ap ...

B. F. Skinner’s Training Procedures B. F. Skinner called Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning operant conditioningbecause subje ...

grade. That grade could result in your failing a course. You learn to stop doing behaviors that bring about punishment, but lear ...

schedules result in lots of behavior as the time for reinforcement approaches, but little behavior until the next time for reinf ...

Cognitive Processes in Learning John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner typified behaviorists. They studied only behaviors they could o ...

Social Learning A type of social cognitive learning is called modeling or observational learning,which occurs by watching the be ...

They found that rats developed conditioned taste aversions even when they did not become nauseated until hours after being expos ...

Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in explaining that (A) some conditioned stimuli do no ...

 Answers and Explanations 124  STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High C—The tuning fork is the CS and salivation ...

Acquisition—in classical conditioning, learning to give a known response to a new stimulus, the neutral stimulus US Æ UR NS+US ...

Shaping—positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior. Chainingestablis ...

 127 Cognition IN THIS CHAPTER Summary:Do you remember how classical conditioning compares with operant conditioning? In order ...