304 i STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
Rebellion was fought only in southern China (C).
The areas are not colonial locations (D).- C—Although authorities disagree on their
origin, the crescent and the star have been used
to represent Islam. - A—TheVedas, oral literature introduced by the
Aryans, became the basis of Hindu belief. The
caste system, which was based on skin color (D),
developed shortly after the arrival of the Aryans
about 1500 b.c.e. (B). Reincarnation could
produce movement to a higher or lower caste,
depending on one’s karma (C). - D—Patriarchal systems have in common the
belief in female inferiority. They do not neces-
sarily endorse mistreatment of women (A) nor
their seclusion behind veils (C). Some women
in patriarchal societies are allowed to engage in
business activities (B). - B—The inclusion of American Indian figures
suggests that it is from Latin America. The altar
portrayed is located in Balboa, Panama. - B—The Grand Canal, constructed to transport
Champa rice (A) and other crops of southern
China to the northern part of the country, was a
result, rather than a cause, of the increasing pros-
perity of southern China. The Chinese improved
the sail (C), and overseas trade created port cities
in the south (D). - D—The Italian peninsula was connected to
major trade routes throughout all but the last
years of the period. Islam was not in exist-
ence (A). Australia and Japan were involved in
regional trade only (B, C). - D—Ethiopia, influenced by the Christian
Kingdom of Axum, provided the oldest con-
tinuous Christian communities in Africa.
Christianity spread to Nigeria (A) and the
Congo (C) during the period of the new imperi-
alism. The Dutch brought Christianity to South
Africa in the seventeenth century (B). - C—The Chinese continued to remain active in
regional trade. The scholar-gentry (B) put pres-
sure on the Ming government to save money
(A) to repair the Great Wall in order to repel the
threat of future Mongol invasions (D).
47. B—Sanskrit, the language of the Aryans, was
transmitted through Aryan migration. Hindi
developed later in Indian history (A). Arabic
developed on the Arabian peninsula (C), whereas
Mandarin is a Chinese tongue (D).
48. B—The Mongols destroyed the Persian under-
ground irrigation system. Their nomadic soci-
ety was governed by kinship groups (A). The
Mongols preferred to use local administrators
to run their conquered territories rather than
establish strong central governments (C). Twice
in the thirteenth century, Mongol attempts at
invading Japan were thwarted by “divine” winds
calledkamikaze (D).
49. A—The Mongols and Ottoman Turks had
no contacts with each other. In 1711, Berbers
conquered Spain; their occupation of Spain
contributed Islamic learning to Europe (B). The
Ottoman Turks conquered Byzantium, con-
tributing their culture (C). Aryans conquered
Indus valley peoples, contributing the Sanskrit
language and the Vedas, which became the basis
for Hinduism (D).
50. B—During the Crusades, Muslims taught
Christians to refine the sugar from sugarcane.
Responses (A) and (C), and (D) are true. The
knowledge of sugarcane and refined sugar pro-
duced the growth of sugar plantations in the
Western Hemisphere (D).
51. C—Runaway slaves, or maroons, often founded
their own self-governing communities. Many
African languages survived in the form of creole
tongues (A). Slaves often refused to do work or
ran away rather than comply (B). Plantation
communities in North America depended more
on natural increase than did those in Latin
America (D).
52. D—The Muslim Ottomans and the wealthy
Italian city-states dominated Mediterranean
trade in the sixteenth century. This dominance
prompted Portugal and Spain to seek routes
around Africa and across the Atlantic to reach
Eastern trade routes (A, C). French explor-
ers sought a northwest passage through North
America to reach Eastern routes (B).